Saturday, December 28, 2019

Smoking In Public Places - The Smoking Ban Backlash Essay

Smoking Ban Backlash Walking down Boston’s Boylston Street at the late hours of the evening, the sidewalks are crowded with smokers taking their last hauls before entering the bars for a night of drinking. Due to the smoking ban in all public work areas that has been in effect since May of 2003, restaurant and bar patrons of Boston bear the cold winter season approaching, and reminisce about the old days where it was legal to enjoy a smoke with a cocktail at a bar. In May of 2003, Boston joined 90 other communities that banned smoking in Massachusetts, prohibiting smoking in all public establishments. There are certain exceptions to the smoking ban such as lodge halls, nursing homes, and businesses that obtain most of their†¦show more content†¦Only five months after the Boston ban took place discussions of a statewide ban immediately began, and as it gets closer to 2004,the state of Massachusetts inches it’s way closer to a statewide ban. The Senate recently joined the House of Representatives in backing the statewide ban. The two branches of legislature will meet in January to revise a draft of the bill for the statewide ban, which will most likely pass in early 2004 and take effect July 5, 2004, making Massachusetts the 6th state to ban smoking statewide. California, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, and New York have already passed similar bans. Governor Mitt Romney will ultimately decide the state bans fate, yet he has not confirmed which way he leans on this issue. Many Boston bar and club owners who opposed a city ban now look forward to the statewide ban in hopes that clientele will return, but most owners had no problem with the smoking to begin with. â€Å"I’d rather have smoking be allowed to make the customers happy,† said Irish-born Milan O’ Shay, a bartender at the Flann O’ Brian’s Pub in Mission Hill. â€Å"But since that won’t be happening, a statewide ban gives less of competitive edge to the other towns in the area that have yet to ban smoking.† According to the Boston Globe, a pool-hall owner had hopes that the smoking ban in Boston would bringShow MoreRelatedSmoking, Stigma and Social Class1247 Words   |  5 Pages The practice of smoking, whether it be the likes of tobacco, marijuana or other substances has been around for thousands of years. It has been a defining feature of many diverse ethnic and social groups and has been noted to take place in a variety of settings—ranging from sacred rituals and ceremonial meetings, private/ personal use, to simple or even somewhat elaborate get-togethers. The sacred and endowed side of smoking tobacco was generally believed to have medicinal as well as spiritual benefitsRead MoreWhy Tobacco Should Be Banned From The United States Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesargument that tobacco should be completely banned from the United Sates. Tobacco consumption is the number one cause of preventable deaths in the United States. In the United States, cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths per year. That is around one in five deaths annually only because of smoking. On an average, the person who smokes dies ten years earlier than a non-smoker. These statistics are not mere numbers but speak about the gravity of the situation. The United States governmentRead MoreEssay on The Debate Concerning Secondhand Smoke1777 Words   |  8 Pages We all know that smoking poses a significant risk to our health. We can make an educated decision about whether or not to smoke, and if we do decide to smoke, we should be willing to accept any negative effects such as lung cancer and heart disease later in our lives. But what about exposure to secondhand smoke? At this point, we don’t always have a choice in exposure to the smoke of others. The Office of the Surgeon General (OGS) has documented a high level of exposure to secondhand smoke amongRead MorePublic Health Concerns The Health Of A Whole Population2468 Words   |  10 Pages Public health concerns the health of a whole population, and spans a variety of issues that include the processes necessary to â€Å"developing effective interventions† (Childress 170). This means that public health policy will scientifically evaluate the issues that may lead to an unhealthy population, and then act accordingly for the sake of the population’s well-being. The topic s that public health addresses can be anything that can make an impact on the health of our population – which we can individuallyRead MoreWhat Was The Aftermath Of The Provision? After Ab12661648 Words   |  7 PagesWhat was the aftermath of the provision? After AB1266 was implemented into law after January 1, 2014, this led to huge backlash against the law by private institutions and through petitions. Privacy for All Students a coalition of churches, religious groups, and members who wanted to repeal gay marriage tried to repeal the law in late 2013 and they gathered well over 600,000 signatures which is much more than the required 504,760 signatures needed for a referendum (Schrank). On the other hand, theseRead MoreEssay on Framing the User: Social Constructions of Marijuana Users9798 Words   |  40 PagesMarijuana Movement ABSTRACT Social movements are continuously engaged in the act of framing. Whether it is to present their message in a positive light or to cast their opponent’s arguments in a negative light, SMs find it necessary to engage in a public contest over how they are perceived. Although the SM literature has been focusing on questions related to framing it has not given much attention to a particular class of framing â€Å"objects†: that is, users. This is not surprising considering that theRead MoreConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 PagesConsumer Expenditure on Clothing and Footwear as a Proportion of Total Consumer Expenditure 2011................ 35 Health and Wellness Habits ....................................................................................................... 36 Public Versus Private Healthcare ........................................................................................... 36 Attitudes To Health and Well-being ........................................................................................ 37Read MoreGreen Marketing Project Report2949 Words   |  12 Pagesminimize its environmental impact. **Another firm who is very environmentally responsible but does not promote this fact, at least outside the organization, is Walt Disney World (WDW). WDW has an extensive waste management program and infrastructure in place, yet these facilities are not highlighted in their general tourist promotional activities. 3. Government Pressure As with all marketing related activities, governments want to protect consumers and society; this protection has significant greenRead MoreAuditors Independence Case Study14460 Words   |  58 Pagesintertwined with sales departments; stock analysts seeking new business have recommended the stocks of current or potential clients to others. Happy clients boost the investment bank’s business, but members of the public who heed the analysts’ recommendations may not be served as well. The public receives lots of â€Å"strong buy† recommendations from analysts, a trend that increases short-term stock value at the expense of long-term investment safety (Cowen, Groysberg, Healy, 2003). According to Laura UngerRead MoreStarbucks Case Study11295 Words   |  46 Pagescustomers around a cup of coffee. He came back with the recommendation for Starbucks to serve fresh brewed coffee, espresso and cappuccino in addition to coffee beans and equipment. Coffee would be only th e vehicle for a place where people want to stay for a while, a sort of place-like-home, in between home and office. That should become the differentiating factor of Starbucks. - Expanding the vision and building the concept But far from convincing Baldwin and Bowker, Schultz encountered strong

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Reflection Paper On Pastoral Counseling - 1783 Words

The idea of â€Å"going to see a counselor† is sometimes seen as something shameful. The ideas of things getting so bad in your life that you need to go see a trained mental health professional is seen as humiliating. However a lot of people will be a lot more comfortable going to see a pastor with their troubles. When I become a pastor I know that I will be counseling many different people in many different situations. I need to remember that it is a battle for someone’s mind. I must be concerned with renewing their mind and helping them to change the way they think. My goal is to help God’s reality overcome their perception of reality. 2. Why Pastoral Counseling? As is true with anything I try to accomplish, I know that unless I truly believe it is valuable, I am not going to do it well. This is true of almost every area of life but especially true when it comes to ministry and specifically pastoral counseling. I often use to think of â€Å"counseling† as a secular practice for the mental health field. However, I know understand that secular counseling is very valuable but Christians are the only ones who truly have the answers to some of the most difficult problem people face. One of the most common reasons why people seek counseling is because of self-destructive behavior that seems to be controlling their lives. As a Christian I know that this â€Å"self-destructive behavior† is called sin. Ultimately the only thing that can truly give them freedom is Christ. A secularShow MoreRelatedPastoral Counseling Reflection Paper2323 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Solving My People Puzzle: Part One Liberty University Abstract Understanding people and their personality can be very complicated; people have different personalities and ways that they view things. The student will identify her own people puzzle by utilizing the resources provided in the course. The resources will help the student answer the three questions provided, as well as, the different assessments. As the student answersRead MorePastoral Reflection paper1611 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Pastoral Counseling Reflection Paper University Abstract This paper shares a reflection of my pastoral counseling experiences. My experiences have been while serving overseas as a M, along with my time serving at Church as the Assiocate Pastor. In this paper I will share past events and what I have learned from them when it comes to counseling. I will share what I have learned through reading the assignment required by PACO 500 and how it has changed the way I view my past experiencesRead MorePaco 500 Journal1464 Words   |  6 Pagesseminary JOURNAL ENTRIES A paper submitted to DR. STEVEN BROOKS In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the course PACO 500-C01 By Mark Davis 24587590 emdavis5@liberty.edu september 23, 2012 JOURNAL ENTRIES Week 1 Reference: â€Å"Pastors are also unique among counselors because of their social and symbolic roles. People approach pastors, therefore, with different expectations than those with other helping professionals.† (Benner, 33) Reflection: This quote reminds me thatRead MorePastoral Care And Pastoral Counseling Process1805 Words   |  8 Pagesadministration, liturgical leadership and pastoral care. Indeed one of his problems in attaining self-knowledge is the necessity of coming to terms with so many demands and the discrepancy between what he conceives as his chief ministry and the preoccupation with running the church. Two points concerning the vocational aspect of the minister’s self-knowledge need special attention. First, the pastor must work out his definition of what of what is distinctive in his counseling as pastor. Second, the pastor mustRead MoreBereavement And Pastoral Counseling : The Loss Of A Loved One Through Death1543 Words   |  7 PagesBEREAVEMENT AND PASTORAL COUNSELING The loss of a loved one through death is one of the most difficult situations that people must cope with. People need the support of others during their time of bereavement. Because of this, pastoral counseling plays a vital role in helping people overcome feelings of grief. It is important for pastoral counselors to be able to provide consolation and hope to those who are undergoing the process of bereavement. Death is a natural part of life because everyoneRead MorePACO 507 CP Adams TS Essay1925 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Comparison Paper: Adams: Nouthetic Counseling Tammy T. Smith Liberty University PACO 507 SUMMARY David Powlison’s book, â€Å"The Biblical Counseling Movement: History and Context† (Powlison, 2010) highlights the historical context and impact of Jay Adams’s Positive System theory of Biblical Counseling. Adams makes three striking claims in his anti-psychiatry movement in support of counseling being a pastoral call versus a psychological practice. First, he claims that modern psychologicalRead MoreCoun 500 Personal Identity Paper1469 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Professional Identity She’la S White Liberty University Abstract This paper will provide the reader with a reflection of my professional identity. This will focus on the role of a professional counselor and the differences between a professional counselor and other related professionals. It will also integrate how religious and spiritual beliefs can impact professional counseling. It will summarize my beliefs and values and what I plan to do so that I will not impose my beliefsRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Family Therapy1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to prepare an annotated bibliography on family therapy with emphasis on ethnicity and sociocultural influences on the problems of communication. This research includes twelve resources on authors with the following annotations: Delineation of the main focus or purpose of each author s work; Background and credibility of each author; Intended audience for the work; Any unique feature of the work; Theoretical understandings; Family therapy strategies or techniques; andRead MoreConcentric Circles of Concern 11509 Words   |  7 PagesLiberty Baptist Theological Seminary A Critical Review of Concentric Circles of Concern A Paper Submitted to Mr. Mark Traeger In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Personal Evangelism EVAN 565 By Robert C. Stilwell, Jr. Feb. 7, 2010 Bibliographical Entry Author Information Oscar Thompson, the original author of Concentric Circles of Concern, was a pastor for twenty years before teaching personal evangelism at Southwestern Baptist TheologicalRead MoreCompassion Fatigue : Symptoms And Pain1225 Words   |  5 Pagesothers to also pay attention to their own needs. Taking care of your own needs means that you will be healthy and therefore be more able to care for others. The caregiver needs to be able to recognize and discuss compassion in order to avoid it. This paper will describe the warning signs for five concepts of compassion fatigue, the background and the cause of this problem, the physical, spiritual, and emotional needs of the care provider, and finally provide the examples coping strategies and resources

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Futuristic Definitude Essay Example For Students

Futuristic Definitude Essay Walter Millers A Canticle for Leibowitz has been hailed as a representation of the long future of mankind as a recapitulation of its own long past. Milan Kundera claims that kitsch is the passing off of thoughtless concepts as art, and that the non-thought of received ideas can be very misleading. In my opinion, these two ideologies, while taught together, conflict harshly in practice and cloud the issue of whether or not we can ever become modern. For centuries mankind has attempted, through the use of the novel, to predict the future of civilization, while exposing inner human values. Since Revelations, religious factions have made efforts to persuade the general population that a specific deity will lead His people to a paradise, or a Hell of sorts, as He sees appropriate. When reading any work of this nature, as the Canticle clearly is, we must take the motive(s) of the author into consideration, before we can come to a final conclusion. The feeling I sensed after the final page, is that Millers goals in producing this work are numerous as well as vague. My first impression was that the Canticle is an attempt at finishing, if not just prolonging the Bible. The titles for these three new books could be The Book of Francis, The Book of Dom Pedro, and The Book of Zerchi. The religious biases that are prevalent in almost every personal interaction within the book make it hard to decipher what is Human and what is God as far as decisions and opinions. The idea of autonomous individuals, as taught in Cultural Analysis, stands in direct opposition to the lack of independence demonstrated by members of the Monastery. Where the Church and the Brothers of AOL represent that which is modern and advanced after the Simplification, there is an obvious lack of autonomy displayed when a lifetime of actions have been devoted to God. Albeit, the decision to devote oneself to God is an autonomous one, that independence is forfeited sho rtly. This idea is intrinsic of the servant status attained upon entering the Order. The whole process of writing in the future also has vagueness in and of itself. The simple fact that no one knows what is going to happen makes accuracy an impossibility here. Thus, another motive of the author becomes apparent. Like Nostradamus and the recent rise in tele-psychics, one way of immortalizing ones own name, is by predicting the future with a reasonable amount of believability. Since we have no way of predicting accurately what society and culture will make of itself, we must rely on those who read what we write to make our predictions come true. By creating a positive depiction, we can raise the likelihood that the reader will try to make it come true. If and when it does come true, the author gains credibility, status and immortality. If that is not a motive to create a fictional future, I dont know what is. The concept of fact in a prophecy is a contradiction, until it comes true. Therefore, no prediction made today can have truth, because its truth is, of yet, undeterminable. This means that at present, all predictions are poor information, and those presented in novels, television, or any art should be considered kitsch. This is what Kundera claims is an enemy of culture, because it can specifically be used to promote ones position without substantial cause. Another aspect of modernity as found within the Cultural Analysis I Syllabus is faith in progress as a result of continuous increases in our knowledge of the world and in our ability to map and control it. Throughout the Canticle, Miller depicts a society that is incapable of a progression beyond a certain era. That being the Nuclear Age, an age that our own culture has not surpassed and Millers culture had just entered, the extrapolation Miller makes, based on only a few years of nuclear technology, quickly proves to be unfounded . Those who do not come to this realization are victims to Kunderas second enemy of culture the non-thought of received ideas. .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd , .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .postImageUrl , .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd , .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd:hover , .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd:visited , .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd:active { border:0!important; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd:active , .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93795d8d767add02bb0800565a422efd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diesel Engine Parts EssayThis is also a very dangerous aspect of the Canticle, in that Miller has made it rather easy to believe the future will unravel as he has written, though there is little reason to believe that it will. It is very misleading and does not allow the less insightful to make a distinction. The only sure-fire way to escape this trap is to realize that fiction is, by definition, false. The futuristic novel attempts to claim that there is something that can be determined about the future by looking at the past. This is not possible because every day is a new one. Too many variables are present for any sort of definiteness in prediction. Generalities are very helpful to most for short-term guesses, but not in the case of the future of mankind. For me, there now arises a major conflict as to what I will accept after this analysis. While Millers novel appeals to my sense of humor, as a fantastic, imaginative, sadistic dream of one suicidal Walter M Miller, Jr., it holds little more than entertainment value, and I will never read it again. Kunderas ideas however do move me to ponder what motives are present when I see an obvious example of kitsch in society. If I am going to be autonomous, I must make decisions like this. I have only my own opinions and experiences to base my life on, and the way I see things will always be the way I see things. To accept a novel that is so hard to believe would be to contradict myself and give up some of my own autonomy. If I have the choice to be modern, then this is my opinion.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Refusal Memo free essay sample

The companys main competitors proudly featured their many onations of time and money to the community on their websites and in their other marketing materials, but your company was completely mute on the topic, even though many of its employees did community service on a personal basis. You felt that this apparent lack of community mindedness might help explain DEs downward slip on the citys list of top 100 companies while your competitors steadily held their positions. You also felt that both the employees and the city were missing out on productive partnerships. Thus, with the assistance of the marketing director, ou worked hard to organize an employee volunteer program. The program is now finally up and running, with its own page on the companys website, a growing database of company-approved service opportunities, a modest amount of paid time off for volunteering, a mechanism for recognizing outstanding volunteers, company grants for special projects, and other attractive components. We will write a custom essay sample on Refusal Memo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through a great deal of internal marketing, youVe generated a healthy amount of employee participation†without which, of course, the program would be a failure† nd the momentum is growing. But now you have to write your first negative message related to this initiative. Carolyn Smythe, who works in the Purchasing Office, has Just emailed you her request that the Center for Non-violence (the CNV) be included in DEs program. In other words, she would like DEs official approval for the CNV, which means that it would be included in the list of volunteer opportunities for employees, that it would be eligible for a grant from DE, and that she†and anyone else who wanted to olunteer for this organization†could get paid two hours per month to work for the CNV. You dont feel that you can accept her request. The CNV is not officially supported by any particular political party, but it obviously leans pretty far to the left. Smythe argues for the inclusion of the CNV on the grounds that their main work is to conduct conflict-resolution strategies in the schools†strategies that are politically neutral† but the organization also conducts peace camps in the summer and has a history of rotesting military solutions to political problems. The About Us part of the CNVs website explains that the organization was originally founded by peace activists in the 1970s who wanted a better solution than military school for students with behavior problems. ) Actually, youre in favor of the work this organization does; in tact, your own son participated in a C V program at his elementary school, and you were impressed with what he learned about respecting others opinions, negotiating, and finding creative compromises. Given the recent outbreaks of violence in schools and other public places, you personally feel that the skills taught by the CNV are needed now more than ever. But you know that your bosses are politically conservative, and so is the city overall. Plus, Dawson and Engels, the two company founders, are both veterans. Youre worried that DEs support of the CNV would cost the company business and be an affront to the company executives. The print and online guidelines for the volunteer program state that, in the interest f fairness to all DE employees, organizations need to be neutral on political and religious grounds in order to be approved for inclusion in DEs volunteer program. Assignment Write a refusal memorandum to Carolyn explaining why her favored organization cannot be included, and see if you can think of an alternative course of action for her to pursue. It is critically important to the volunteer program that you not lose the enthusiasm of the employees or let them start a negative buzz. Keep Carolyn as a supporter of the program while not giving her what she asks for.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Basic Html Essay Research Paper There are free essay sample

Basic Html Essay, Research Paper There are six basic stairss you must follow in order to make a web page in HTML. For those who don T know what it HTML is, it is the coding linguistic communication that is used to make, develop, and keep these Web pages such as Yahoo, MSN, Altavista, etc. Although there are other complex linguistic communications such as XML and DHTML, they are derived from the rudimentss of HTML. First thing to make before we get started on HTML is to open up a text-editing plan such as Notepad.exe or Wordpad.exe. HTML is merely text so this can be accomplished by using one of these simple plans. There are other HTML editing/WebPages constructing plans out at that place such as Microsoft FrontPage, Macromedia Dreamweaver, and Macromedia Fireworks, but they have to be purchased in the computing machine package sellers. Now, if you have the text editor unfastened, allow s acquire started. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Html Essay Research Paper There are or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Your first bid is to originate the creative activity of the WebPages. Since all HTML is written in.flags x, where annotates the beginning, and annotates the terminal, start by typing on the top of the page, observing that this will be the start of a web page. Now, travel down to the following line in the papers. Make certain to give adequate infinite between tickets, so every ticket won t be jammed together. It will do redacting the papers easier in the hereafter. You re 2nd HTML flag will be the Title of this web papers. Originate the rubric with a flag, type in.This is my first HTML page ten. Then ty pe footnoting that this is the terminal of the rubric. ( What you ve typed within the flags will demo on the top frame saloon of the browsers ) . Now hit enter to get down on a new line and this is where your Body of your web page will demo. Your 3rd HTML flag will be. Type in. I am making my first web page ten and terminal with a: Interruption, which it stands for, allows you to get down on a new line on the web page. Now type in. This is really exciting ten and this clip, you will stop it with a since this will be the terminal of your organic structure message. For your last HTML flag, get down on a new line in your text editor, and type in meaning that this is the terminal of HTML tickets. How we re about done. Wasn t that easy? One concluding measure and this papers could be seen on the web. To enable this papers to be viewable on the web, you need to salvage this as an.html, htm x extension. Travel to.file tens on your text editor, chink on.save as x and call it.webpage.html ( o r htm it doesn Ts make a difference ) . Make certain to retrieve where you saved this page, turn up it and open it with a browser. Following these six basic stairss will let you to make a web page utilizing HTML. There are 1000s of other bids you can besides use to plan more complex graphical WebPages. Other linguistic communications such as Java, Asp, Perl, are another resource for web interior decorators. If HTML were within your involvement parametric quantities, I would strongly promote picking up some books from your local library or purchase HTML tutorial books.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of River Water Samples

Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of River Water Samples IntroductionThe chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by the organic material within a water sample that is oxidized by a strong chemical oxidant, such as potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Its main use is as an indicator of the organic and inorganic matter within water and effluent discharge giving a quantitative value of water quality. There are other tests that are also used to measure the organic content of a water body, such as the biological oxygen demand test. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and can be found by collecting a sample from the watercourse and incubating it at 200C for five days, and calculating the oxygen used over the incubation period (Harrison 1996). The COD is often used when other methods are not as effective to be used. One advantage of the COD test over other tests, such as the BOD test is that it is relatively fast to carry out, for example the BOD test takes place over a five-day incubation period whilst the COD tests can be carried out in 2 hours; hence provides a much quicker indication of water quality.Heathfield School, PinnerThis property of the test has resulted in a wide range of usage when monitoring and controlling the organic content of industrial waste from effluent systems and the receiving water bodies.Dichromate is often used as the oxidizing agent when determining the COD due to its ability to oxidise most materials and ease of manipulation (Chapman 1996). Test allows the organic matter within a sample to reduce the dichromate; any remaining dichromate is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate, FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4, where the Fe2+ ions are oxidised to Fe3+ by the remaining dichromate ions, Cr2O72-. The dichromate (Cr2O72-) is dissolved into a salt by the addition of sulphuric acid...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Working with Communites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Working with Communites - Essay Example Partnerships involve sectors, agencies, technical advisers, and practitioners, working to achieve agreed upon goals. Those partnerships that bring in expertise from outside the community are external or vertical partnerships. There are three stages: St. Johns held a one day workshop. The workshop brought approximately sixty community members together. They included local residents, retired professionals and representatives from various non-government and government agencies associated with health education, social welfare, recreation and youth serves. I dont think you ever arrived. How good a listener can you be? How patient can you be? How compassionate? Its like asking a golfer, how good a golfer can you be? How good can a musician be? Would anyone striving for excellence say, "Im finally at the end of my learning. Im as good at this as I can possibly be." No, they achieve higher levels of excellence by continually striving to improve. Still, I recognize that in certain situations a leader can achieve a level of efficiency and cohesiveness with their organization; but these instances should be only goals, not end points. This principle also holds true for managers. If you want effective leadership skills and personal strengths, you never stop improving. One reason is that there are infinite people skills and infinite types of personal strengths. No one can be strong in all of them. Mastery is a continuous lifelong journey. The journey begins when youre in charge of your first group. You realize that getting the best work from people isnt easy. You make mistakes. But it’s necessary to recognize that mistakes are one of the best ways to learn. Learn from each experience, learn from your feedback, and learn from the coaching you get from more experienced managers and mentors. The learning happens when you actually try something different. Self-awareness is a major factor. Listen to feedback. Take an honest look at yourself, and youll know what you should

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Nursing Staff Attitudes towards the Elderly Essay

Nursing Staff Attitudes towards the Elderly - Essay Example When older patients are perceived as being cantankerous and complaining by nurses, the consequence would most likely that the quality of care delivered and the recovery of patients is affected (Courtney, 2000).   Aging of the Australian population has occurred rapidly in recent years. The greatest increases in number have been indicated among the very old or those aged 80 years or over. The aged population from 65 and older has been predicted to reach 22% or 5 million by the year 2051, doubling that of 1991 or 11% at 1.9 million according to Clare (1994).   Likewise, it was said that gerontological nursing is still an unpopular specialty and nursing student's interest in pursuing it as a career decrease during their education (Slevin, 1991). The health-care system has been heavily influenced by social developments and ageist stereotypes, combined with increases in the aged population (Palmer, 1994). In as much as older people are perceived by policy makers and society in general as problems requiring considerable attention and resources (Palmer, 1994), it had also been indicated that increases in the Australian health-care costs have been attributed to the increases in the aged population. Nevertheless, Palmer (1994) found that these increases are more closely linked to social and political changes than a physiologically aging population. Accordingly, changes in the health-care system were influenced by the major political parties' social and economic policies, the need to contain hospital operating costs and the promotion of commun ity care for the chronically ill, disabled and frail aged (Courtney, 1997). But it has to be noted that many family members are no longer able to care for their older relatives due to social factors such as increases in divorce and participation of women in the workforce. This has dramatically decreased the availability of informal community support systems for future generations of older people upon which the government has relied heavily since the 1985 de-institutionalization of aged care to a hostel and home-based care (Gibson, 1998).   Nurse Attitude   Several studies have identified factors, such as an area of practice, age, gender and years in clinical practice, as affecting nurses' attitude strength (Lookinland, 1991). Soderhamn and colleagues found younger and male nurses possessing more negative attitudes in comparison with older and female nurses. Soderhamn's (2001) research also demonstrates that higher education, gerontology courses and more years of clinical experience were found to be associated with less negative attitudes. Another influence is the area of clinical practice influencing attitude strength (Soderhamn, 2001). Cited as the example was that nurses working in acute settings were found to use more negative stereotypical labeling to describe their older patients to student nurses than those working in elder-care settings (McLafferty, 2004).

Sunday, November 17, 2019

The Indianas Religious Freedom Restoration Act Essay

The Indianas Religious Freedom Restoration Act - Essay Example The essay "The Indiana’s Religious Freedom Restoration Act" talks about the Indiana’s religious freedom restoration act. Law doesn't grant businesses a right to categorize against anyone. Many followers of this Indiana's restoration act affirmed that they hoped it would help the Christians to evade participation in same sex weddings. Secondly, there is no burden in these laws. Those people behind it emphasize that it is a form of defense so that religious person is not obligated to act in ways that infringe their way of life. These laws were at first described as a way of shielding individuals from harm, for instance, to put off the management from forcing people to go against their beliefs except when there was a sound cause for such infringement and no fine option found. The Indiana law also incorporates a language in it to ensure that parties in private lawsuits or administrative actions can claim a religious basis for their questioned behavior. The supporters view t he law as just the protections for religious freedom. Those people who believe in the Indiana law say that there has been an exaggeration of the likely effects of the law and misunderstanding of how it works. They add that those people who invoke the law to avoid lawsuits should go through a judicial process in which the burden of their beliefs is compared with the interest of the state in imposing a fine or carrying out a mandate. These laws have drawn criticism for having the potential to support discrimination against gay and lesbian couples.

Friday, November 15, 2019

X Ray Production And Interaction With Matter Engineering Essay

X Ray Production And Interaction With Matter Engineering Essay The x-ray tube is the most important part of the x-ray machine because the tube is where the x-rays are actually produced. The production of x-rays requires a rapidly moving stream of electrons that are suddenly decelerated or stopped. (C., Andy, 2008). Basically this means that when fast-moving electrons slam into a metal object x-rays are produced. (Bushong, 2008, Ch.6 p.101). Inside of the x-ray tube are three main factors that play important roles in x-ray production: 1.) The cathode 2.) The anode 3.) The vacuum The cathode and anode are basically the only components that help in the production of x-rays. The cathode or also known as the fast-moving electrons is a negatively charged electrode that contains a focusing cup and a filament. The focusing cup is made of nickel or molybdenum and nearly surrounds the filament. It is open at one end to allow electrons to flow freely across the tube from the cathode to the anode. (Fauber, 2009, p.15). It has a negative charge, which keeps the electrons emitted from the filament spreading apart. The focusing cups purpose is to focus the stream of fast-moving electrons. The filament is coil of wire (about 2mm diameter and 1 to 2cm long) that emits the electrons when it is heated. When the current through the filament is sufficiently high, the outer-shell electrons of the filament atoms are boiled off and ejected. (Bushong, 2008, Ch.7 p.122). This is also referred to as thermionic emission. The Anode The positively charged electrode of the tube is called the anode. It consists of a stator, rotor, and a target. The stator is an electric motor that turns the rotor at very high speeds. These speeds range from 3,000 to 10,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). The rotor is rigidly connected to the target through the anode stem, causing the target to rotate rapidly during x-ray production. High Strength ball bearings in the rotor allow it to rotate smoothly at high speeds. (Fauber, 2009, p.17). The last component of the anode is the target. The target is the metal object that is struck by the focused stream of electrons coming from the cathode. The target then stops the fast-moving electrons and thus creates the opportunity for the production of x-rays. (Nave, 2006, http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/Hbase/quantum/xtube.html) The Vacuum Another contributing factor called a vacuum, which allows for more efficient x-ray production and longer tube life. However, if there is just a little gas is inside the tube, the electron flow from the cathode to the anode is reduced, fewer x-rays are produced, and more heat is generated. If there is too much gas, x-ray production falls and the tube can fail. (Bushong, 2008, Ch.7 p.122). This is why the radiographer needs to be aware of the amount of heat that is produced during x-ray production because excessive heat can damage the tube: and without the tube x-ray production cannot be created. X-ray Interaction with Matter If x-ray production falls, then x-rays cannot interact with matter. X-ray production and x-ray interaction with matter help to form an image. X-rays interact with matter in five different characteristics: 1.) Coherent Scattering 2.) Compton Effect 3.) Photoelectric Effect 4.) Pair Production 5.) Photodistegration Only the Compton effect and the photoelectric effect are important in the process of creating an x-ray image. Coherent Scattering Coherent scattering is an interaction with low energy x-rays, below the diagnostic range. The incoming photon interacts with the atom causing it to become excited. Fauber (2009, Ch.3 p.49) has suggested that the x-ray doesnt lose energy, but changes direction. Coherent scattering contributes very little to the x-ray image, and only a few percent undergo this type of scatter. Coherent scatter contributes slightly to the deterioration of the image, often referred to as image noise, the general graying of an image that reduces image contrast. Most coherent scattered x-rays are emitted in a forward direction. Coherent scattering is a small importance to creating an x-ray image. However, if these scattered photons are absorbed within the tissue, they do contribute to the radiation exposure to the patient. Compton Effect The Compton effect can occur in all x-ray energies and are very important interaction with matter. When scattered x-rays interact with an outer-shell electron, the electron is thrown or ejected from the atom and the atom becomes ionized. The electron that was ejected is called a secondary electron. With the secondary electron ejected the x-ray scatter continues in a different direction with less energy then it started out with. During a Compton interaction the scattered x-ray and secondary electron have divided the energy between them, but usually the scattered x-ray maintains most of it. Eventually both lose all their energy and the scattered x-ray is absorbed photo electrically, while the secondary electron loses all of its energy through ionization and then falls into a vacancy in the electron shell created by a previous ionizing event. The purpose of the Compton effect is to reduce as much contrast on the x-ray image. Photoelectric Effect The photoelectric effect takes place when the incident x-ray is not scattered, but is totally absorbed during the ionization of an inner-shell electron. The incident photon disappears, and the k-shell electron; called a photoelectron is ejected from the atom. The x-ray image results from the difference between those x-rays that are absorbed by photoelectric interaction and those x-rays that are absorbed during ionization through the body as image-forming x-rays. Pair production Pair production is explained by Bushong (2008, Ch.10 pg.168) as an incident x-ray that has sufficient energy; it may escape interaction with electrons and come close enough to the nucleus of the atom to be influenced by the strong nuclear force field. This causes the x-ray to disappear between the nuclear field and x-ray, and in its place forms two electrons: a positron (positively charged) and one that is negatively charged. Pair production interacts with matter, but does not occur during x-ray imaging. Photodistegration The last characteristic of x-ray interaction with matter is Photodistegration, although it does not occur is diagnostic radiology. This process by which very high-energy x-rays (approximately reaching above 10 MeV) can escape interaction with electrons and the nuclear electric field, and can be absorbed directly by the nucleus. When this occurs the nucleus is raised to an excited state and instantly emits a nucleon or other nuclear fragments, which are released. (Bushong, 2008, Ch.10 pg169). Conclusion In conclusion x-ray production and x-ray interaction with matter help to create an x-ray image. Without both basic concepts a simple image would not be possible. Two of the three components that make up the inside of an x-ray tube is: the cathode and anode, which are both important factors in x-ray production. Similar to the five ways an x-ray can interact with matter, only two are important to the formation: the Compton effect and the photoelectric effect. X-ray production and x-ray are different in so many ways, also they go hand in hand, but without one the other does not exist and without either diagnostic imaging cannot occur.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

The Use of Steroids in Major League Sports :: Athletes Drugs Professional Baseball Doping

The Use of Steroids in Major League Sports There has been a lot of controversy about steroids in sports. The pressure has caused some sport stars to admit to their use of steroids. Some of these people are Barry Bonds, Gary Sheffield, and Jason Giambi. Steroids though seem very helpful to professional athletes, it can very dangerous and can help people get advantage over other people. Steroids have been around for a long time. â€Å"The first people to use anabolic steroids for athletic enhancement were the Russians who discovered the drug and had great success.† They stared to use the steroids in the 1950’s. The steroids they used had many side effects. When they started to use them, they had a high chance to die of heart disease and many other things. During the Olympics in 1950 and a little beyond the Russians were know as the best weight lifters in the world. No one knew that they used steroids. After a while, their secret was out and the Bulgarians started to use them. Steroids can help but they do have very severe side effects. â€Å"Overall the usage of steroids is very damaging to the human body.† In men, the steroids can cause shrinkage to the testicles, decrease sperm count, sterility, impotence, prostate enlargement, and growth of breasts. Most of the side effects cannot be reversed. The most severe side effect of steroids is on the liver. It is called Peliosis Hepatis, which is a blood-filled cyst in the liver. If the cysts rupture, they can cause liver failure. That would most likely kill the person. In women, it can sue the growth of facial hair, shrinkage of the uterus, sterility, deepening of the voice, decrease in breast size, and irregularity in the menstrual cycle. In both men and women, jaundice, edema of feet and ankles (water retention), headaches, aching joints, reduction in HDL, high blood pressure, stroke, hair loss, liver ailments, acne, atherosierosis and cancer. When injected some of the risks are developing hematons a nd getting AIDS and HIV. Taking steroids shortens the life span up to twenty years and a chance of getting diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. The side effects are reactions from using steroids are endless. There are many different kinds of steroids and the side effects are getting less severe but more people are taking them because of their immediate effect. â€Å"But, there are a host of new bodybuilding drugs such as GH, Insulin, IGF, PGF, TGF, DNP, beta agonists, etc.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Symbolism In English literatureâ€â€œGravity” Essay

Symbolism is a good tool to use when we come across difficult abstract concepts such as life and death.For example, in her article entitled â€Å"Gravity†, David Leavitt tells us a story about how a mom named Sylvia encourages her HIV infected son Theo to live longer. When Theo started to have bad eye sight in his childhood Sylvia just let him wear her flamboyant glasses despite that people around them all think that Theo looks strange. After Theo grew up, between a drug that could sustain his life and a drug that could save his sight, Theo chose the second one. Sylvia worried that Theo would give up the hope for living, so she tried to encourage Theo to live by a strange way which similar to the way she help him with his sight when he was a child. She threw a very heavy crystal bowl to Theo when they were shopping in a gift store. Theo caught the bowl without thinking. Theo realized that by throwing the bowl, on one side, Sylvia tended to prove that he is still alive. On the other side, Sylvia wanted to encourage him to live longer. The crystal bowl in the story represents exactly what Theo was going through. It symbolizes both life and death. It represents life because it was heavy and valuable â€Å"(The crystal bowl is) Four hundred and twenty- five dollars† (l. 88) This shows that the crystal bowl is very valuable just like that human’s life is very precious. In the same time, crystal bowl represent death because it could easily been shattered. Theo was surprised that he actually did not shatter the bowl â€Å"Theo looked at the floor, still surprised not to see shards of glass around his feet.† (l. 96-97) If the crystal bowl were broken, it would have not value or meaning just like it has lost its life. So, the Crystal bowl in the story represents death. If the bowl shattered, it just like a person lost his/her life. The crystal bowl also represents the character and hopes of Sylvia. The crystal in the story is very showing and pricy. â€Å"(The crystal bowl is) a large ridges crystal bowl, a very fifties sort of bowl, stalwart and square-jawed.† (l. 84-86) It represents Sylvia’s flamboyant and materialism characters. The author tells us that Sylvia has a flamboyant character by describing Sylvia’s bold and flashy glasses†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ harlequins with tiny rhinestones in the corners†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (l. 9) The author also implies that Sylvia is quite materialism by showing us that she care a lot abo ut the price of a graduation gift her sister given to her son  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Don’t you remember that cheap little nothing Bibi gave you for your graduation? It was disgusting.†(l.50-51) On the other hand, the crystal bowl represents the strength of Sylvia’s hope for Theo to live because the crystal bowl is heavy â€Å"’That’s heavy,’ Sylvia said, observing with satisfaction how the bowl had weighted Theo’s arms down†(l.93-94) The heavier the stronger, so the heaviness of the crystal bowl represent the strong will and hope of Sylvia. The author shows us that Sylvia is a strong willed woman who has done extremely stressful things in a role â€Å"The DHPG injections she (Sylvia) took in stride—she’s seen her own mother through her dying, after all, Four times a day, with the equanimity of a nurse, she cleaned out the plastic tube implanted in his chest, inserted a sterilized hypodermic a Sylvia and slowly dripped bag of sight-giving liquid into his vein†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (l.17-20) It shows that Sylvia has tremendous strength just like the toughness the crystal bowl appeared to be. The author also shows us that Sylvia’s hope for Theo to live is very strong. Even though Sylvia was stressed out †Yet she (Sylvia) had also, at about three o’clock one morning, woken him up to tell him she was going to the twenty-four- hour supermarket, and was there anything her wanted†(1. 122-124) This shows that Sylvia was on the edge of mental broken-down. But Sylvia still keeps strong hope for The o to live â€Å"†¦ it had occurred to him (Theo) that she (Sylvia) was trusting his two feeble hands, out of the whole world, to keep it from shattering.† This shows that after all, Sylvia strongly hoped that, showing Theo that he was still strong by throwing the crystal bowl and letting him catch it, Theo would not continue on giving up his life but choose to live longer. The crystal also symbolized the general message which the author is trying to convey to the readers: life should be fully lived. The author shows that Theo was dying and tended to giving up his life. He felt â€Å"†¦wide and unswimmable the gulf was becoming between him and the evereceding shoreline of the will †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (l. 35-36) Even though he felt that way, he still caught the heavy crystal bowl without thinking. It shows the underlining deep and significant meaning of the story â€Å"There are certain things you’ve already done before you even think how to do them†¦ the bowl, which Theo was holding before he could even begin to calculate its brief trajectory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (l.131-133) This shows us that all human have an instinct for living. By showing us this, the story conveys a message to the readers that even though life is  violable like the fragile crystal bowl; it doesn’t mean that we should give up. Instead, we should look at the positive side of life. Just like the crystal bowl also heavy and strong side, human lives also have a strong side because very one have instinct for living. Therefore, we should have faith to ourselves and stop complaining our own misery but start to look at life in a positive way, and realize that our lives should be fully lived.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Essays

Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Essays Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Paper Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Paper Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, body language or posture, physical distance, facial expression and eye contact, which are all types of nonverbal communication. Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress.Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviours of communicators during interaction. Importance:- Nonver bal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people.It is one of the most important methods of communication in shopping malls as it needs to be communicated to a large number of people. When the other person or group is absorbing the message they are focused on the entire environment around them, meaning the other person uses all five senses in the interaction: 83% sight, 11% hearing, 3% smell, 2% touch and 1% taste. Nonverbal communication strengthens a first impression in common situations like attracting a partner or in a business interview: impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact.First encounters or interactions with another person strongly affect a persons perception. The advantages of non-verbal communication are: 1) You can communicate with someone who is hard of hearing of deaf. 2) You can communicate at place where you are supposed to maintain silence. 3) You can com municate something which you dont want others to hear or listen to. 4) You can communicate if you are far away from a person. The person can see but not hear you. 5) Non-verbal communication makes conversation short and brief. 6) You can save on time and use it as a tool to communicate with people who dont understand your language.The disadvantages of non-verbal communication are: 1) You cannot have long conversation. 2) Cannot discuss the particulars of your message 3) Difficult to understand and requires a lot of repetitions. 4) Cannot be used as a public tool for communication. 6) Less influential and cannot be used everywhere. 7) Not everybody prefers to communicate through non-verbal communication. 8) Cannot create an impression upon people/listeners. In short Non-Verbal Communication needs to be concise and clear to make sure the message is communicated and understood by the receiver. Types of Non-Verbal Communication:-There are 2 main types of Non-Verbal Communication which a re:- 1. Sign Language- Sign language (also signed language or simply signing) is a language which, instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning. It can be further divided into Visual Signs Audio Signs 2. Body Language- Body language refers to forms of non-verbal communication, wherein a person reveals clues as to some unspoken intention or feeling through their physical behaviour. Majority of Non-Verbal communication found in shopping malls are sign language. Visual signs in shopping malls:-This is main type of non-verbal communication in shopping malls. Messages are conveyed to people by the means of visual signs and written communication as they need to be spread to a large audience of people. Some examples of them are:- 1. Him/Her- This is most common and widely used visual sign not only in shopping malls but in any building open to the public. Mainly used to differentiate between men’s and women’s to ilet. 2. No Smoking- It is denoted by a red circle with a cross and a cigarette in the middle. It is used to convey that, smoking is strictly prohibited in a particular area. 3.Danger- This is also a widely used sign to warn the people about potential dangers around them. Mainly denoted by a skull and two bones crossed below it, in malls it is mainly used to keep people out of the electricity/generator room. 4. Escalator Sign- Used to direct the public towards the escalators. 5. Elevator Sign- Used to direct the public towards the elevators. 6. Parking/No Parking- Used to show areas where cars can and cannot be parked. 7. No Pets Allowed 8. Wet Floor These are just a few examples of how visual signs are used to communicate in malls. Audio signs in shopping malls:-Audio is also an integral part of non-verbal communication in shopping malls. These messages are conveyed not through spoken words but by different noises. Some examples are:- 1. Fire Alarm- This is an universal audio sign used to warn people about fire being caught inside the building. 2. Anti-Theft detectors- Many shops in malls have anti-theft detectors that make noise if someone passes through it without paying for item. 3. Metal Detectors- It is mandatory to go through metal detectors before entering any mall to find out if anyone is carrying explosives or weapons inside the mall. An alarm goes off if they are detected.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

History of the IRA essays

History of the IRA essays There are many terrorist groups through out the world. There are few, if any however, that are as old as the Irish Republican Army. The IRA is most likely the oldest terrorist organization in the world today. The Irish Republican Army fights for Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The history of the Irish Republican Army goes back a very long time The organization from which modern Irish republicans trace their origins - the United Irishmen of the 1790s. Inspired by the example of the American War of Independence and by the democratic ideals of the French Revolution, the United Irishmen sought to unite the people of Ireland in a common effort to achieve equality and freedom. Choosing non-violent means to win their aims, the United Irishmen were quickly met with an aggressive response from the British government. It was only then that they exercised their right as Irish people to defend their liberty by the use of arms. It was a pattern that was to be repeated several times in the next century and a half. Armed uprisings against British rule took place in 1798, 1803, 1848 and 1867. The 45 years between 1803 and 1848 saw the Irish population mobilized in one of the first mass movements for political reform in the history of Europe. The demand for legislative independence for Ireland was denied by the British government. The Great Hunger of 1845-1852 saw a million people starve and a million more emigrate yet this catastrophe befell an unarmed people and there was only sporadic resistance. The ill-fated uprising of 1848 was localized. The lessons of this period were not lost on succeeding generations of Irish patriots and the Fenian Movement of the late 1850s and 1860s won widespread support in Ireland and America for its program of armed struggle to achieve an Irish Republic. The uprising of 1867 was crushed and another 49 years were to pass before Irish nationalists attempted an armed resista...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

The stages of the product life cycle and the marketing strategies Essay

The stages of the product life cycle and the marketing strategies - Essay Example Moreover, product life cycle ends with the removal of that product from the specific market place. Product life cycle can be characterized by several stages, such as research, development, introduction, growth, maturity, decline and obsolescence (Moore, Palich and Petty, 2006, p.312). Each and every stage is generally linked with the changes in the streams of parts, raw materials and distribution of the products. Generally product life cycle includes four traditional stages, such as introduction, growth, maturity and decline. These four stages of product life cycle are described below. Low sales growth rate of the products is the major characteristic of the introduction stage. In introduction stage the organizations launch or introduce new products in the market. Monopoly can be developed by the organizations depending upon the need and efficiency of the products to the customers (Saaksvuori and Immonen, 2011, p.103). During this stage the organizations generally accrue losses rather than business profit. It is true that if the organizations introduce products of new product class, the target customers may not be aware of true effectiveness and potential of these products. It is important for the organization to transfer information about the product among the target customers through several Medias in order to achieve potential competitive edge within the market place (Kumar and Korb, 2005, p.21). Introduction stage has two major characteristics namely low market competition and incurring loss rather than profit. Major characteristics of the growth stage are customers become responsive towards new products and growth of sales. This growth comes through the innovation’s acceptance by the target customers. Organizations generally enjoy significant business profit through their new products in this growth stage (Stark, 2011, p.32). If the organization can maintain the monopoly, they can experiment with innovation and several new effective ideas to maintain the sales growth. Growth stage is the appropriate time to introduce other new effective products in the competitive market place (Soenen and Olling, 2003, p.54). It creates an effective product image among the target customers and its competitors. During maturity stage, the sales and growth rate of the products gradually slowdown as the products have already achieved huge acceptance in the competitive market place (Wang and Gupta, 2011, p.239). New organizations start to experiment by innovative product models and strategies in order t o compete in the saturated market place. Competition for the target customers get fierce due to existence of many organizations, despite the increase of sales and growth rate at the initial phase of this maturity stage (Roebuck, 2011, p.76). At the beginning of this maturity stage, the business profit decreases due to aggressive competition within the market place. In addition, maturity stage of the product development is very much essential for the organizations to avoid decline stage of the products. Several products die and get wiped out from the market place in this decline stage due to the low sales’ growth rate of the products. Several organizations share the same competition. It makes difficult for all the entrants to control and maintain the sustainability of the sales levels (Frenken, 2006, p.133). Product category and efficiency of the organization become important factors in this decline stage as the target customers and market may perceive the specific product as the old product may lack potentiality and effectiveness. Lower demand of the products is the major characteristic of the decline

Friday, November 1, 2019

An Introduction to Entrepreneurship Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An Introduction to Entrepreneurship - Coursework Example Understanding the different aspects which are a part of the entrepreneurial behaviors and expectations defines the associations and roles that pertain to business with the individual. Skills, Abilities and Behaviors The generalized concept of being an entrepreneur is based on working independently while moving into business endeavors. However, the business ventures which are created differ from other forms of business. The first difference is noted with an enterprise, which is created through a board of directors or sector of leaders with a hierarchical expectation that is established. While this particular venture may have been established by an entrepreneur, it is expected that the team collaboration and hierarchy separates the individual behaviors from the group modifications which take place. The intrapreneur is another form of leadership which many attribute to the same concept. While there are several similar skills in terms of leadership, this differs because the position is u sually based on management as opposed to starting a new venture without the use of a corporation or other entity. The entrepreneur is then defined as one which differs because of the independent nature and the characteristics of leadership used for innovation and creativity outside of other types of business ventures (Ucbasaran, Westhead, Wright, 2009: p. 99). The main difference in character with entrepreneurs is what leads to the different skills, abilities and behaviors among these business leaders. There are five known personal characteristics which create a difference between entrepreneurs and other types of leaders. This includes being open to experience, being conscious and aware of surroundings, being flexible, being agreeable and carrying a vision based on these determinants. The concept that is associated with these skills is reflective of the psychological expectations that lead to leadership skills, innovation and the ability to create and portray different ideologies in relation to the surrounding environment (Zhao, Seibert, 2006: p. 259). These psychological behaviors then lead to expectations of skills and abilities. Creativity, capability to find opportunities and performing several tasks are some of the skills expected. Entrepreneurs are known for switching skills easily while a business grows while moving in between positions and working with initiatives while creating the necessary ventures (Silva, 2007: p. 118). Creative Thinking The ability to work with leadership skills, behaviors that initiate new ventures and skills that are able to move between various positions then leads to the concepts of creative thinking which are developed by entrepreneurs. The structure that is developed with entrepreneurs is based on the intention of an individual first. This is what initiates the endeavor and allows the entrepreneur to grow, either in response to the environment or because of a vision that is related to the entrepreneur. This is combined with creative thinking to lead to the initiative of the new idea and to find ways to construct the idea into a reality. The creative thinking is furthered by evaluating the business idea to define the probability of success as well as looking into solutions that will help to launch the business into a successful endeavor. The personality of the

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Assigment - Assignment Example There are a number of criteria used to determine who will come first in the waiting list, which might help us solve the issue the doctor is faced with. The patients ability to pay for the organ is what is considered first. A heart is treated like a scarce commodity because it is hard to find and it is are also more valuable than anything else because of its ability to save someones life (Perry, 2013). A scarce commodity, which is vital for someone to continue living, is certainly not a luxury, thus the reason why the highest bidder is considered first. The second factor is the preference of the donor or kin. In short, this is who the heart donor decides will be the recipient of the heart (Perry, 2013). For example, a white racist might say that their heart should not be given to an African or a Muslim might say that their heart only goes to a fellow Muslim. The third factor is that the transplant might favor the donors religion or citizenship. This is done in support of the taxpayers money channeled to the endeavor (Perry, 2013). However, in the cases provided, the second and third factors might not apply because we are not told the religion or citizenship of the donor and we are also not told whether the donor had racist views. The fourth factor to be taken into consideration is the need of the patient (Perry, 2013). The need of the patient, the extent to which the transplant will help the patient, is also another vital factor. However, in most cases, it is the senior doctors who decide whether the patients need is that significant (Perry, 2013). Thus, in this case, the doctor might not be very influential in deciding which patient mostly needs to transplant. Apart from their needs, there are also the benefits to the recipients. They consider factors such as age, overall health, ability to obey the regimen or anti-rejection drugs and also the patients support system (Perry, 2013). These can apply in our case because some of the clients

Monday, October 28, 2019

Web Service Implementation Essay Example for Free

Web Service Implementation Essay Christiansen, S. (2002) once described ‘web services’ as â€Å"a potential political intrusion† (p. 15). When we think what does this sentence mean and when we add the fact that â€Å"web services are hot -by their nature- and not easy to make them workable in practice† like Siddhartha, P. (2002, p. 587) mentioned; then we could be able to imagine some of the potential hurdles that need to be overcome to successfully implement web services. Web services –by their nature- belongs to IT projects category. That’s why it is important to realize the reality of IT projects. A â€Å"41% of IT projects failed to deliver the expected value and more than ? of IT projects were canceled† (Needmuchwala, A. , [2008], p. 3) not to mention that â€Å"only 11% of organizations consider technology as a strategic weapon† (p. 3). Despite the fact that ‘web services’ do not require high costs to be implemented like other IT systems or solutions (ERP systems for example), the way to implement web services isn’t a bed of roses. And if we add those information –mentioned above- to the fact that â€Å"only 20% of companies gained significant experience with web services technologies† (Altova, 2008), the picture will be clearer that there are some implementation hurdles to be overcome such as the â€Å"technological, organizational and cultural obstacles that stand in the way of implementation† (Saugatuck, 2007, p. 3) First of all, ‘implementation’ is only a phase in managing IT solutions (web services in this case). And if the ‘strategic planning’ phase was successful and was done collaboratively by both top business management and IT department, taking into consideration all possible hurdles or challenges, the ‘implementation phase’ will be easier than with a weak plan. However, despite â€Å"the advances made in web services standards, achieving the seamless interoperability among heterogeneous platforms for the participating entities –which is required for successful implementation of web services- could be tricky† as Siddhartha, P. (2002) mentioned (p. 587) What softens the situation is the fact -mentioned by Aponovich, D. (2002)- that â€Å"none of these hurdles is insurmountable, each one of them could cause (1) potential delays to implementation or (2) adding barriers in the way to get maximum business value of web services (or return on a web services investment)†. Also, (Valentine, L, 2004) mentioned the fact that â€Å"lack of standards in such technology won’t be ‘a deal breaker’† –maybe- because the extra coding process required for this standardization won’t be too dramatic. The five hurdles mentioned by Aponovich, D. (2002) was (1) lack of experience in architecting web services, (2) difficulties in managing the organizational culture change, or â€Å"the ever-present hurdle, resistance to change† as Provost, D. (2004, p. 19) mentioned- (3) lack of standards, (4) lack of perceived business cases, and (5) difficulties in managing relationships with other organizations† There are numerous examples for companies (or sites) that overcome these hurdles and successfully implemented web services with a real business value or return on investments (ROI). Amazon (http://www. amazon. com/) and eBay (http://www. ebay. com/) are two examples for those sites. In Amazon’s case, â€Å"partners needed better data access but the process of collaboration was expensive and brittle† (Dumbill, E. , 2003) that’s why Amazon decided to provide web services. Certain issues were taken into consideration right from the planning phase that’s why Amazon succeeded in addressing these issues and finding the appropriate solutions. First of all, Amazon aligned the web services with their business strategy and â€Å"decided to pursued ‘revenue’ based on the successful relationship with Amazon’s associates and seller† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). Secondly, to guarantee success, â€Å"the license was important to sustain Amazon’s business model† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The third issue was concerning protocols; Amazon â€Å"provided both SOAP and XML over HTTP (REST) and let developers decide between them† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The fourth issue was â€Å"to create a software platform and they address this by borrowing best practices† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The final issue was to â€Å"successfully provide support for developers by using a combination of some tools such as discussion board, weekly chat, regular newsletter, software development kit, and online FAQ† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The most important is that Amazon â€Å"provided openness with developers to foster creativity and focused on effectiveness by ensuring data freshness and preventing excessive server load† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). Finally, it is obvious that the main factor, that leads to a successful implementation for web services, is the â€Å"the full participation and engagement of the business† (Jahnke, A. , 2004). Or in another word, to have melting the whole business into what Brynjolfsson, E. (2003) called ‘the digital organization’. And this ‘digital organization includes: â€Å"(1) automation of tasks, (2) skilled labor, (3) decentralization of decision making, (4) improving the information flow across the organization, (5) adopting performance-based incentives programs, (6) more emphasis on the effectiveness of training and recruiting, and having employee and customer satisfaction† References Altova. (2008). Altova Web Services Solutions. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://www. altova. com/solutions/web_services. html Aponovich, D. (2002). Five Barriers to Implementing Web Services. Jupitermedia Corporation. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://itmanagement. earthweb. com/erp/article. php/965371 Brynjolfsson, E. (2003). The IT Productivity GAP. MIT. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://digital. mit. edu/erik/Optimize/pr_roi. html Christiansen, S. (2002). The Business Case for XML Web Services. In XML 2002 Proceedings. IDEAlliance. Retrieved October 28, 2008 from http://www. idealliance. org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/04-02-01/04-02-01. pdf Dumbill, E. (2003). Making Web Services Work at Amazon. O’Reilly Media, Inc. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://www. xml. com/pub/a/2003/12/09/xml2003amazon. html Jahnke, A. (2004). Why is Business-IT alignment So Difficult?. CIO. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http://www. cio. com/article/32322 Needmuchwala, A. A. [2008]. Evolving IT from ‘‘Running the Business’’ to ‘‘Changing the Business’’. TATA Consultancy Services. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http://www. tcs. com/SiteCollectionDocuments/White%20Papers/DEWP_05. pdf Saugatuck (2007). SOA Governance: Necessary Protection for a Strategic Business Investment. IBM. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://www-935. ibm. com/services/us/cio/flexible/saugatuck_ibm_soa_governance_jun07. pdf Siddhartha, P. (2002). Web Services Interoperability: A practitioner’s experience. Springer Berlin. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http://www. springerlink. com/content/q4w6ru7mbde4xfa7/ Valentine, L. (2004). CIO Focus on Internet, Web Services. CIO Today. Retrieved October 28, 2008 from http://ciotoday. newsfactor. com/story. xhtml? story_title=CIOs_Focus_on_Internet__Web_Servicesstory_id=23743

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Essay --

As part of the cell cycle, mitosis is the nuclear division of replicated chromosomes by the disconnection of the replicated chromosomes to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Escorted by mitosis is commonly the process of cytokinesis. The cytokinesis process entails a dividing cell splitting into two, resulting in the subdivision of the cytoplasm into two cellular suites. The process of mitosis can take place in either a haploid (23 chromosomes) or a diploid (46 chromosomes) cell. Before a cell can be ready for a mitotic division it must primarily undergo its interphase stage. Following the interphase stage several other stages come into play. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During each specific stage certain sequences of events take place that assist to the completion of the division. During interphase, cell growth, DNA replication, separation of centrioles and protein synthesis takes place. This phase is acknowledged to being the most extensive period of the cell cycle thus signifying the stage in which the cell devotes th...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Cultural antropology Essay

Judith M. Fitzpatrick has worked in the Pacific for the last 25 years investigating health and environment issues from a cultural perspective. Her book â€Å"Endangered Peoples of Oceania: Struggles to Survive and Thrive† presents a unique opportunity to discover how the peoples of Oceania are struggling to be economically independent and autonomous while maintaining their distinctive cultural traditions. This book introduces a wide range of Pacific Islanders and indigenous and migrant cultures in Australia and New Zealand and the challenges they face today. This volume focuses on 16 endangered peoples, from Micronesians and Melanesians to Samoans in New Zealand. One can find out about the contemporary impacts and responses to such factors as nuclear testing, migration for jobs and uncontrolled development. The chapters are written by different anthropologists based on their recent fieldwork. This is a well-researched book is packed with information that is unavailable elsewhere. It is an invaluable source that moves beyond its useful overview to provide the details of individual cultural struggles. This book is a good introduction to the Pacific and Australia. It gives wide, comprehensive view of the many challenges faced by contemporary Pacific and Australian Koori peoples. It provides thought provoking issues that engages and encourages one to think about communities outside of his locality. Each chapter is written by a different scholar, introducing the cultural area, the people and their interaction with foreign forces. It frames up the most obstinate issues and the people’s reactions and solutions to the foreign influences. Each chapter provides a series of questions to provoke reflective thought, a list of websites and related videos. It is a very useful and informative resource. The peoples of Oceania are struggling to be economically independent and autonomous while maintaining their distinctive cultural traditions. Each chapter in Endangered Peoples of Oceania: Struggles to Survive and Thrive is devoted to a specific people, including a cultural overview of their history, subsistence strategies, social and political organization, and religion and world view; threats to their survival; and their response to these threats. A section entitled â€Å"Food for Thought† poses questions that encourage a personal engagement with the experience of these peoples. For example, the adverse environmental impact of mining in Papua New Guinea has generated major social disruption in several areas of Papua New Guinea where mining has taken place. On Bougainville, the site of the CRA/RTZ Panguna Copper mine, battles over benefits, compensation and environmental degradation eventually led to the abandonment of the mine by the company, claims for secession by some Bougainvilleans and a decade-long civil war. It has also occasioned litigation by, or on behalf of, affected communities that has been very expensive for the companies concerned. In 1996 BHP was forced to pay K150 million as compensation to communities of the Ok Tedi and Fly Rivers (Politicized Ecology: Local Responses to Mining in Papua New Guinea, Macintyre M. , Oceania, 2004). Another problem to raise is the problem resulting from the ongoing effects of global warming. The low-lying atoll nations of Tuvalu and Kiribati have lost already a number of their beautiful islets and the infringement of rising water levels are becoming apparent on many of the main islands and atolls. Indeed, this is a widespread problem throughout Oceania with other atoll nations such as the Marshall Islands and Tokelau Islands also in imminent danger from rising water levels. It is indeed rather disappointing that the world’s major industrial countries have taken no action on the serious problem of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. In this respect, one can only assume that these nations are not prepared to impose a financial cost on their industries to clean up – rather they are prepared to sacrifice the people of the world’s low-lying atoll nations. The options available to both these countries are quite limited. In Tuvalu, all the islands are low-lying coral atolls and one can only assume that all these islands may well be lost over the next 40-50 years. In saying this, it is recognized that an island becomes â€Å"lost† long before the water level covers the island but rather at the point where the rising water level gets into the food chain rendering the traditional crops such as babai or taro, breadfruit, bananas, etc. inedible. Tuvalu would appear to have repatriation as its primary option although some form of retaining walls around the capital, Funafuti, had been mooted. In this respect, one has to consider the possibility that New Zealand who has, to her credit, accepted many island people will, in due course, not be able to accept further migration from island countries. It can only be assumed that there is a possibility that the Tuvaluan people will have to look at further destinations rather than New Zealand. References: 1. Fitzpatrick, Judith M. , Edi. , 2001, Endangered Peoples of Oceania: Struggles to Survive and Thrive, West port, CT: Greenwood Press.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Lеadеrs and Managеrs

RÐ µfocusing has bÐ µcomÐ µ onÐ µ of thÐ µ major stratÐ µgiÐ µs pursuÐ µd by largÐ µ organizations in thÐ µ 1990s. Prior rÐ µsÐ µarch in thÐ µ arÐ µa of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons (top managÐ µmÐ µnt tÐ µam) lÐ µadÐ µrship has rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd that thÐ µrÐ µ is a strong rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn top managÐ µmÐ µnt tÐ µam charactÐ µristics and organizational stratÐ µgiÐ µs and outcomÐ µs.HowÐ µvÐ µr, rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs havÐ µ confinÐ µd thÐ µir studiÐ µs to Ð µxploring thÐ µ impact of obsÐ µrvablÐ µ uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlon charactÐ µristics, namÐ µly thÐ µ dÐ µmographic traits on corporatÐ µ stratÐ µgiÐ µs and pÐ µrformancÐ µ. In this papÐ µr I will try to intÐ µgratÐ µ main sÐ µts of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlon lÐ µadÐ µrship charactÐ µristics.During thÐ µ past dÐ µcadÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ has bÐ µÃ µn considÐ µrablÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µarch invÐ µstigating thÐ µ rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons (top managÐ µm Ð µnt tÐ µam) lÐ µadÐ µrship charactÐ µristics and organizational stratÐ µgiÐ µs and outcomÐ µs. ThÐ µ lÐ µadÐ µrship of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons is critical to succÐ µss in companiÐ µs.To a vÐ µry largÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt, such bÐ µhavior on thÐ µ part of top managÐ µrs can bÐ µ Ð µxplainÐ µd using thÐ µ principlÐ µ of boundÐ µd rationality (RÐ µgÐ µr, MullanÐ µ, Gustafson and DÐ µmariÐ µ, 1994).According to this principlÐ µ, managÐ µrs arÐ µ not complÐ µtÐ µly rational in thÐ µ dÐ µcisions thÐ µy takÐ µ. ManagÐ µrs arÐ µ oftÐ µn constrainÐ µd by thÐ µ limitÐ µd information thÐ µy rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µ from thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µrnal and intÐ µrnal Ð µnvironmÐ µnts and thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, takÐ µ dÐ µcisions which can bÐ µ dÐ µscribÐ µd as rational only within cÐ µrtain bounds.ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, it is important to dÐ µvÐ µlop a thÐ µorÐ µtical framÐ µwork in thÐ µ arÐ µa of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons lÐ µadÐ µrship for undÐ µrstanding h ow thÐ µ psychological charactÐ µristics of top managÐ µrs influÐ µncÐ µ thÐ µ rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µir dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics and organizational stratÐ µgiÐ µs and outcomÐ µs.ThÐ µ businÐ µss Ð µnvironmÐ µnt during thÐ µ past two dÐ µcadÐ µs has bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly dynamic. WhilÐ µ corporatÐ µ divÐ µrsification sÐ µÃ µmÐ µd to bÐ µ thÐ µ norm in most industriÐ µs till thÐ µ 1990s, it is important to notÐ µ that corporatÐ µ rÐ µfocusing (i.Ð µ., rÐ µducing thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of divÐ µrsification within a firm in ordÐ µr to focus on thÐ µ corÐ µ businÐ µss), has bÐ µÃ µn morÐ µ popular sincÐ µ thÐ µ latÐ µ 1990s (MarkidÐ µs, 1992; Donaldson, 1994).RÐ µfocusing rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts an important aspÐ µct of corporatÐ µ stratÐ µgic changÐ µ and rÐ µquirÐ µs dynamic lÐ µadÐ µrship on thÐ µ part of thÐ µ top managÐ µrs (AmburgÐ µy, KÐ µlly & BarnÐ µtt, 1990; Hoskisson and Hitt, 1994).ThÐ µ top managÐ µmÐ µnt of a firm rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ dominant coalition of thÐ µ firm and has considÐ µrablÐ µ influÐ µncÐ µ on whÐ µthÐ µr and how thÐ µ firm should rÐ µfocus to maintain a compÐ µtitivÐ µ position in thÐ µ industry (Hambrick & Mason, 1984). ThÐ µ succÐ µss of thÐ µ rÐ µfocusing stratÐ µgy dÐ µpÐ µnds on how thÐ µ top managÐ µrs arÐ µ ablÐ µ to lÐ µad thÐ µ initiation and thÐ µ implÐ µmÐ µntation of this stratÐ µgy.ThÐ µ dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons havÐ µ a considÐ µrablÐ µ impact on thÐ µ organization's propÐ µnsity to rÐ µfocus and that this rÐ µlationship is modÐ µratÐ µd by thÐ µ psychological charactÐ µristics of its managÐ µrs.ThÐ µ impact of dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics: Hambrick and Mason (1984) statÐ µ â€Å"organizational outcomÐ µs – both stratÐ µgiÐ µs and Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µnÐ µss arÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µd as rÐ µflÐ µctions of thÐ µ valuÐ µs and cognitivÐ µ bas Ð µs of powÐ µrful actors in thÐ µ organization.† p.193.Drawing on Hambrick (1984) modÐ µl of stratÐ µgic dÐ µcision making, Hambrick and Mason (1984) thÐ µorizÐ µ that a managÐ µr's background charactÐ µristics can partially prÐ µdict stratÐ µgic choicÐ µs and pÐ µrformancÐ µ in organizations.ThÐ µy proposÐ µ that obsÐ µrvablÐ µ managÐ µrial dÐ µmographic traits such as agÐ µ, tÐ µnurÐ µ, Ð µducation and functional backgrounds arÐ µ important aspÐ µcts of managÐ µrial lÐ µadÐ µrship and that thÐ µy can influÐ µncÐ µ organizational stratÐ µgiÐ µs and pÐ µrformancÐ µ.Following Hambrick and Mason's (1984) concÐ µptual modÐ µl on uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons lÐ µadÐ µrship, sÐ µvÐ µral rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs havÐ µ tÐ µstÐ µd thÐ µir propositions in ordÐ µr to Ð µstablish thÐ µ linkagÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics of top managÐ µrs and thÐ µir ability to lÐ µad thÐ µ organization to dÐ µsirÐ µd outcomÐ µs. ThÐ µ studiÐ µs conductÐ µd by Murray (1989), Norburn and BirlÐ µy (1988), BantÐ µl and Jackson (1989), Cho, Hambrick and ChÐ µn (1994), rÐ µvÐ µal that top managÐ µmÐ µnt dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics such as agÐ µ, Ð µducation, functional backgrounds, top managÐ µmÐ µnt tÐ µam tÐ µnurÐ µ and organizational tÐ µnurÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ significant prÐ µdictors of organizational pÐ µrformancÐ µ thus providing support for Hambrick and Mason's (1984) propositions.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association Lambda and gamma are two measures of association that are commonly used in social science statistics and research. Lambda is a measure of association used for nominal variables while gamma is used for ordinal variables. Lambda Lambda is defined as an asymmetrical measure of association that is suitable for use with nominal variables. It may range from 0.0 to 1.0. Lambda provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. As an asymmetrical measure of association, lambda’s value may vary depending on which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variables are considered the independent variable. To calculate lambda, you need two numbers: E1 and E2. E1 is the error of prediction made when the independent variable is ignored. To find E1, you first need to find the mode of the dependent variable and subtract its frequency from N. E1 N – Modal frequency. E2 is the errors made when the prediction is based on the independent variable. To find E2, you first need to find the modal frequency for each category of the independent variables, subtract it from the category total to find the number of errors, then add up all the errors. The formula for calculating lambda is: Lambda (E1 – E2) / E1. Lambda may range in value from 0.0 to 1.0. Zero indicates that there is nothing to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. In other words, the independent variable does not, in any way, predict the dependent variable. A lambda of 1.0 indicates that the independent variable is a perfect predictor of the dependent variable. That is, by using the independent variable as a predictor, we can predict the dependent variable without any error. Gamma Gamma is defined as a symmetrical measure of association suitable for use with ordinal variable or with dichotomous nominal variables. It can vary from 0.0 to /- 1.0 and provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between two variables. Whereas lambda is an asymmetrical measure of association, gamma is a symmetrical measure of association. This means that the value of gamma will be the same regardless of which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variable is considered the independent variable. Gamma is calculated using the following formula: Gamma (Ns - Nd)/(Ns Nd) The direction of the relationship between ordinal variables can either be positive or negative. With a positive relationship, if one person ranked higher than another on one variable, he or she would also rank above the other person on the second variable. This is called same order ranking, which is labeled with an Ns, shown in the formula above. With a negative relationship, if one person is ranked above another on one variable, he or she would rank below the other person on the second variable. This is called an inverse order pair and is labeled as Nd, shown in the formula above. To calculate gamma, you first need to count the number of same order pairs (Ns) and the number of inverse order pairs (Nd). These can be obtained from a bivariate table (also known as a frequency table or crosstabulation table). Once these are counted, the calculation of gamma is straightforward. A gamma of 0.0 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables and nothing is to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. A gamma of 1.0 indicates that the relationship between the variables is positive and the dependent variable can be predicted by the independent variable without any error. When gamma is -1.0, this means that the relationship is negative and that the independent variable can perfectly predict the dependent variable with no error. References Frankfort-Nachmias, C. Leon-Guerrero, A. (2006). Social Statistics for a Diverse Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Monday, October 21, 2019

C.I.T.E.S essays

C.I.T.E.S essays CITES is the singles most important treaty protecting species at an international level. CITES stands for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. It was established in 1973 in association with the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Currently, the treaty has been ratified by more than 120 countries. CITES is headquartered in Switzerland. It establishes lists (known as Appendices) of species for which the international trade has to be regulated and monitored. Those nations which are affiliated agree to restrict the trade and destructive exploitation of these species. Appendix I includes approximately 675 animals and plants for which commercial trade is prohibited. Appendix II include approximately 3700 animals and 21,000 plants whose international trade is monitored and restricted. International treaties such as CITES are implemented once the countries signed pass laws and enforce them. Once these laws have been passed within a country, police, wildlife inspectors, customs officials and other government agents can arrest and prosecute anyone who possesses or trades organisms which are listed by the treaty and seize them. Member countries are required to have their own management and scientific authorities to comply with their CITES obligations. NGOs such as the IUCN, WWF, TRAFFIC network, and WCMC provide advice and assistance to the authorities. The protection of biological diversity has to be addressed at many levels of government. Although the major control systems that exist today are based within individual countries, international trade agreements are becoming widely used to protect species and habitats. International cooperation is extremely important for many reasons. First, many species migrate across international boundaries; therefore, these species must be protected wherever they are at the time and the habitats they will occupy when they migrate. If a species is in ...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Danka for Thank You, Bitteschön for Youre Welcome

Danka for Thank You, Bitteschà ¶n for You're Welcome Courtesy is important no matter what country youre visiting. In Germany, however, there is greater emphasis on formalities and speaking to people in die Hà ¶flichkeitsform:  addressing acquaintances, colleagues, and people you dont know with Sie as opposed to du/ you, which is reserved more for family and close friends.The same goes when expressing thank you and youre welcome in German. There is a more formal way and a less formal way of stating these expressions. Below you will find a list divided as such, however many expressions are fine in both situations since just simply stating thank you and youre welcome is polite in and of itself. The most important thing to keep in mind is to use Sie/Ihnen and du as appropriate. (Please note that the translations are not always literal, but rather an English equivalent.) More Formal Ways of Saying Thank You: Most common: Dankeschà ¶n, Danke sehr Other ways: Schà ¶nen Dank (Many thanks)Besten Dank (Best of thanks)Haben Sie vielen Dank! (Many thanks)Ich bin Ihnen sehr dankbar (Im very grateful/thankful to you)Ich danke Ihnen (I thank you)Herzlichen Dank (Heartfelt thanks)Ein herzliches Dankeschà ¶n (My/Our heartfelt thanks)Danke vielmals (Many thanks), Ich danke Ihnen vielmals Vielen Dank (Many thanks) Less Formal Ways of Saying Thank You DankeVielen Dank (Many thanks)Danke vielmals (Many thanks)Tausend Dank (Thanks a million) More Formal Ways of Saying Youre Welcome Bitteschà ¶n Bitte sehrGern geschehen (It was my pleasure)Mit Vergnà ¼gen (With pleasure) Less Formal Ways of Saying Youre Welcome Bitte Gern geschehen (It was my pleasure)Gern (shortened form of Gern geschehen)Nichts zu danken (Dont mention it.)Schon gut (Thats fine. No problem)Kein Problem (No problem) You may need some other words for polite conversation, including understanding how to say please in German.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Industry Best Practices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Industry Best Practices - Research Paper Example This essay intends to describe one of the best practices in retail industry in relation to remote connectivity solution. The objective of the essay is to describe the advantages and disadvantages of remote connectivity solution. Furthermore, the essay would also discuss about the opportunities of improvements in remote connectivity solution (SonicWall, Inc., 2007). Best Practice for Remote Connectivity Solution In Retail Industry Traditionally, remote access was enjoyed by only a certain number of people in a retail organization such as executives or sales force. However, intense progress of mobile devices along with introduction of high speed internet connectivity have increased the expectations of organizations in retail industry to ensure better and safe access to various networks and services. Retail industry nowadays demand accelerated information transmission and real time information processing in order to enjoy remote access of organizational information. In fact, there are s everal best practices for remote connectivity solution in retail industry. One such practice is introduction of ‘Virtual Private Network’ (VPN) technology (Kouroubali, Starren, Barrows, & Clayton, 1997). Advantages VPN technology is a rational solution for remote access in retail segment. This system provides secure access to the organizational resources in retail segment by establishing an encrypted channel in an online environment. VPN technology permits retail organizations to reach their internal network in cost effective and secure manner. VPN technology can provide great flexibility to the employees to access the organizational network from any place and at any time. In this way, this technology helps employees to perform their job effectively. By implementing VPN solution, employees can conduct the regular business activities such as communicating through e-mail or using customized network program rapidly. The VPN solution can also enhance the productivity of ret ail organization as they will be capable of providing suppliers or business associates to access the required information without compromising the security (Lee, Hwang, Kang & Jun, 2000). The major advantages for applying VPN practices for remote connectivity solution are: It can provide secure communication with access authority by customizing the network system according to the information requirement for each user such as employee, suppliers or business associates It can improve the productivity by improving inner organizational network and applications It can minimize the communication expenses and enhance the flexibility of employees to perform regular activities (Cisco Systems, Inc., 2008) Disadvantages Although VPN provide solution to remote connectivity in retail industry, it also has quite a few disadvantages. VPN technology helps to extend the organizational network which at times makes the organizational resources more accessible for network invaders. They can disclose se nsitive information of organization to the public network. VPN technology is quite vulnerable, because any sort of fault or error in the system can result in security breach of organizational network. Except encryption technology, VPN system does not use any kind of security layer as a primary defense. Hence, it poses a threat for retail organization as people can access organizational information by bypassing the outside