Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Assigment - Assignment Example There are a number of criteria used to determine who will come first in the waiting list, which might help us solve the issue the doctor is faced with. The patients ability to pay for the organ is what is considered first. A heart is treated like a scarce commodity because it is hard to find and it is are also more valuable than anything else because of its ability to save someones life (Perry, 2013). A scarce commodity, which is vital for someone to continue living, is certainly not a luxury, thus the reason why the highest bidder is considered first. The second factor is the preference of the donor or kin. In short, this is who the heart donor decides will be the recipient of the heart (Perry, 2013). For example, a white racist might say that their heart should not be given to an African or a Muslim might say that their heart only goes to a fellow Muslim. The third factor is that the transplant might favor the donors religion or citizenship. This is done in support of the taxpayers money channeled to the endeavor (Perry, 2013). However, in the cases provided, the second and third factors might not apply because we are not told the religion or citizenship of the donor and we are also not told whether the donor had racist views. The fourth factor to be taken into consideration is the need of the patient (Perry, 2013). The need of the patient, the extent to which the transplant will help the patient, is also another vital factor. However, in most cases, it is the senior doctors who decide whether the patients need is that significant (Perry, 2013). Thus, in this case, the doctor might not be very influential in deciding which patient mostly needs to transplant. Apart from their needs, there are also the benefits to the recipients. They consider factors such as age, overall health, ability to obey the regimen or anti-rejection drugs and also the patients support system (Perry, 2013). These can apply in our case because some of the clients

Web Service Implementation Essay Example for Free

Web Service Implementation Essay Christiansen, S. (2002) once described ‘web services’ as â€Å"a potential political intrusion† (p. 15). When we think what does this sentence mean and when we add the fact that â€Å"web services are hot -by their nature- and not easy to make them workable in practice† like Siddhartha, P. (2002, p. 587) mentioned; then we could be able to imagine some of the potential hurdles that need to be overcome to successfully implement web services. Web services –by their nature- belongs to IT projects category. That’s why it is important to realize the reality of IT projects. A â€Å"41% of IT projects failed to deliver the expected value and more than ? of IT projects were canceled† (Needmuchwala, A. , [2008], p. 3) not to mention that â€Å"only 11% of organizations consider technology as a strategic weapon† (p. 3). Despite the fact that ‘web services’ do not require high costs to be implemented like other IT systems or solutions (ERP systems for example), the way to implement web services isn’t a bed of roses. And if we add those information –mentioned above- to the fact that â€Å"only 20% of companies gained significant experience with web services technologies† (Altova, 2008), the picture will be clearer that there are some implementation hurdles to be overcome such as the â€Å"technological, organizational and cultural obstacles that stand in the way of implementation† (Saugatuck, 2007, p. 3) First of all, ‘implementation’ is only a phase in managing IT solutions (web services in this case). And if the ‘strategic planning’ phase was successful and was done collaboratively by both top business management and IT department, taking into consideration all possible hurdles or challenges, the ‘implementation phase’ will be easier than with a weak plan. However, despite â€Å"the advances made in web services standards, achieving the seamless interoperability among heterogeneous platforms for the participating entities –which is required for successful implementation of web services- could be tricky† as Siddhartha, P. (2002) mentioned (p. 587) What softens the situation is the fact -mentioned by Aponovich, D. (2002)- that â€Å"none of these hurdles is insurmountable, each one of them could cause (1) potential delays to implementation or (2) adding barriers in the way to get maximum business value of web services (or return on a web services investment)†. Also, (Valentine, L, 2004) mentioned the fact that â€Å"lack of standards in such technology won’t be ‘a deal breaker’† –maybe- because the extra coding process required for this standardization won’t be too dramatic. The five hurdles mentioned by Aponovich, D. (2002) was (1) lack of experience in architecting web services, (2) difficulties in managing the organizational culture change, or â€Å"the ever-present hurdle, resistance to change† as Provost, D. (2004, p. 19) mentioned- (3) lack of standards, (4) lack of perceived business cases, and (5) difficulties in managing relationships with other organizations† There are numerous examples for companies (or sites) that overcome these hurdles and successfully implemented web services with a real business value or return on investments (ROI). Amazon (http://www. amazon. com/) and eBay (http://www. ebay. com/) are two examples for those sites. In Amazon’s case, â€Å"partners needed better data access but the process of collaboration was expensive and brittle† (Dumbill, E. , 2003) that’s why Amazon decided to provide web services. Certain issues were taken into consideration right from the planning phase that’s why Amazon succeeded in addressing these issues and finding the appropriate solutions. First of all, Amazon aligned the web services with their business strategy and â€Å"decided to pursued ‘revenue’ based on the successful relationship with Amazon’s associates and seller† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). Secondly, to guarantee success, â€Å"the license was important to sustain Amazon’s business model† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The third issue was concerning protocols; Amazon â€Å"provided both SOAP and XML over HTTP (REST) and let developers decide between them† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The fourth issue was â€Å"to create a software platform and they address this by borrowing best practices† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The final issue was to â€Å"successfully provide support for developers by using a combination of some tools such as discussion board, weekly chat, regular newsletter, software development kit, and online FAQ† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The most important is that Amazon â€Å"provided openness with developers to foster creativity and focused on effectiveness by ensuring data freshness and preventing excessive server load† (Dumbill, E. , 2003). Finally, it is obvious that the main factor, that leads to a successful implementation for web services, is the â€Å"the full participation and engagement of the business† (Jahnke, A. , 2004). Or in another word, to have melting the whole business into what Brynjolfsson, E. (2003) called ‘the digital organization’. And this ‘digital organization includes: â€Å"(1) automation of tasks, (2) skilled labor, (3) decentralization of decision making, (4) improving the information flow across the organization, (5) adopting performance-based incentives programs, (6) more emphasis on the effectiveness of training and recruiting, and having employee and customer satisfaction† References Altova. (2008). Altova Web Services Solutions. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://www. altova. com/solutions/web_services. html Aponovich, D. (2002). Five Barriers to Implementing Web Services. Jupitermedia Corporation. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://itmanagement. earthweb. com/erp/article. php/965371 Brynjolfsson, E. (2003). The IT Productivity GAP. MIT. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://digital. mit. edu/erik/Optimize/pr_roi. html Christiansen, S. (2002). The Business Case for XML Web Services. In XML 2002 Proceedings. IDEAlliance. Retrieved October 28, 2008 from http://www. idealliance. org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/04-02-01/04-02-01. pdf Dumbill, E. (2003). Making Web Services Work at Amazon. O’Reilly Media, Inc. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://www. xml. com/pub/a/2003/12/09/xml2003amazon. html Jahnke, A. (2004). Why is Business-IT alignment So Difficult?. CIO. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http://www. cio. com/article/32322 Needmuchwala, A. A. [2008]. Evolving IT from ‘‘Running the Business’’ to ‘‘Changing the Business’’. TATA Consultancy Services. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http://www. tcs. com/SiteCollectionDocuments/White%20Papers/DEWP_05. pdf Saugatuck (2007). SOA Governance: Necessary Protection for a Strategic Business Investment. IBM. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http://www-935. ibm. com/services/us/cio/flexible/saugatuck_ibm_soa_governance_jun07. pdf Siddhartha, P. (2002). Web Services Interoperability: A practitioner’s experience. Springer Berlin. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http://www. springerlink. com/content/q4w6ru7mbde4xfa7/ Valentine, L. (2004). CIO Focus on Internet, Web Services. CIO Today. Retrieved October 28, 2008 from http://ciotoday. newsfactor. com/story. xhtml? story_title=CIOs_Focus_on_Internet__Web_Servicesstory_id=23743

Essay --

As part of the cell cycle, mitosis is the nuclear division of replicated chromosomes by the disconnection of the replicated chromosomes to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Escorted by mitosis is commonly the process of cytokinesis. The cytokinesis process entails a dividing cell splitting into two, resulting in the subdivision of the cytoplasm into two cellular suites. The process of mitosis can take place in either a haploid (23 chromosomes) or a diploid (46 chromosomes) cell. Before a cell can be ready for a mitotic division it must primarily undergo its interphase stage. Following the interphase stage several other stages come into play. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During each specific stage certain sequences of events take place that assist to the completion of the division. During interphase, cell growth, DNA replication, separation of centrioles and protein synthesis takes place. This phase is acknowledged to being the most extensive period of the cell cycle thus signifying the stage in which the cell devotes th...

Cultural antropology Essay

Judith M. Fitzpatrick has worked in the Pacific for the last 25 years investigating health and environment issues from a cultural perspective. Her book â€Å"Endangered Peoples of Oceania: Struggles to Survive and Thrive† presents a unique opportunity to discover how the peoples of Oceania are struggling to be economically independent and autonomous while maintaining their distinctive cultural traditions. This book introduces a wide range of Pacific Islanders and indigenous and migrant cultures in Australia and New Zealand and the challenges they face today. This volume focuses on 16 endangered peoples, from Micronesians and Melanesians to Samoans in New Zealand. One can find out about the contemporary impacts and responses to such factors as nuclear testing, migration for jobs and uncontrolled development. The chapters are written by different anthropologists based on their recent fieldwork. This is a well-researched book is packed with information that is unavailable elsewhere. It is an invaluable source that moves beyond its useful overview to provide the details of individual cultural struggles. This book is a good introduction to the Pacific and Australia. It gives wide, comprehensive view of the many challenges faced by contemporary Pacific and Australian Koori peoples. It provides thought provoking issues that engages and encourages one to think about communities outside of his locality. Each chapter is written by a different scholar, introducing the cultural area, the people and their interaction with foreign forces. It frames up the most obstinate issues and the people’s reactions and solutions to the foreign influences. Each chapter provides a series of questions to provoke reflective thought, a list of websites and related videos. It is a very useful and informative resource. The peoples of Oceania are struggling to be economically independent and autonomous while maintaining their distinctive cultural traditions. Each chapter in Endangered Peoples of Oceania: Struggles to Survive and Thrive is devoted to a specific people, including a cultural overview of their history, subsistence strategies, social and political organization, and religion and world view; threats to their survival; and their response to these threats. A section entitled â€Å"Food for Thought† poses questions that encourage a personal engagement with the experience of these peoples. For example, the adverse environmental impact of mining in Papua New Guinea has generated major social disruption in several areas of Papua New Guinea where mining has taken place. On Bougainville, the site of the CRA/RTZ Panguna Copper mine, battles over benefits, compensation and environmental degradation eventually led to the abandonment of the mine by the company, claims for secession by some Bougainvilleans and a decade-long civil war. It has also occasioned litigation by, or on behalf of, affected communities that has been very expensive for the companies concerned. In 1996 BHP was forced to pay K150 million as compensation to communities of the Ok Tedi and Fly Rivers (Politicized Ecology: Local Responses to Mining in Papua New Guinea, Macintyre M. , Oceania, 2004). Another problem to raise is the problem resulting from the ongoing effects of global warming. The low-lying atoll nations of Tuvalu and Kiribati have lost already a number of their beautiful islets and the infringement of rising water levels are becoming apparent on many of the main islands and atolls. Indeed, this is a widespread problem throughout Oceania with other atoll nations such as the Marshall Islands and Tokelau Islands also in imminent danger from rising water levels. It is indeed rather disappointing that the world’s major industrial countries have taken no action on the serious problem of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. In this respect, one can only assume that these nations are not prepared to impose a financial cost on their industries to clean up – rather they are prepared to sacrifice the people of the world’s low-lying atoll nations. The options available to both these countries are quite limited. In Tuvalu, all the islands are low-lying coral atolls and one can only assume that all these islands may well be lost over the next 40-50 years. In saying this, it is recognized that an island becomes â€Å"lost† long before the water level covers the island but rather at the point where the rising water level gets into the food chain rendering the traditional crops such as babai or taro, breadfruit, bananas, etc. inedible. Tuvalu would appear to have repatriation as its primary option although some form of retaining walls around the capital, Funafuti, had been mooted. In this respect, one has to consider the possibility that New Zealand who has, to her credit, accepted many island people will, in due course, not be able to accept further migration from island countries. It can only be assumed that there is a possibility that the Tuvaluan people will have to look at further destinations rather than New Zealand. References: 1. Fitzpatrick, Judith M. , Edi. , 2001, Endangered Peoples of Oceania: Struggles to Survive and Thrive, West port, CT: Greenwood Press.

Lеadеrs and Managеrs

RÐ µfocusing has bÐ µcomÐ µ onÐ µ of thÐ µ major stratÐ µgiÐ µs pursuÐ µd by largÐ µ organizations in thÐ µ 1990s. Prior rÐ µsÐ µarch in thÐ µ arÐ µa of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons (top managÐ µmÐ µnt tÐ µam) lÐ µadÐ µrship has rÐ µvÐ µalÐ µd that thÐ µrÐ µ is a strong rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn top managÐ µmÐ µnt tÐ µam charactÐ µristics and organizational stratÐ µgiÐ µs and outcomÐ µs.HowÐ µvÐ µr, rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs havÐ µ confinÐ µd thÐ µir studiÐ µs to Ð µxploring thÐ µ impact of obsÐ µrvablÐ µ uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlon charactÐ µristics, namÐ µly thÐ µ dÐ µmographic traits on corporatÐ µ stratÐ µgiÐ µs and pÐ µrformancÐ µ. In this papÐ µr I will try to intÐ µgratÐ µ main sÐ µts of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlon lÐ µadÐ µrship charactÐ µristics.During thÐ µ past dÐ µcadÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ has bÐ µÃ µn considÐ µrablÐ µ rÐ µsÐ µarch invÐ µstigating thÐ µ rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons (top managÐ µm Ð µnt tÐ µam) lÐ µadÐ µrship charactÐ µristics and organizational stratÐ µgiÐ µs and outcomÐ µs. ThÐ µ lÐ µadÐ µrship of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons is critical to succÐ µss in companiÐ µs.To a vÐ µry largÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt, such bÐ µhavior on thÐ µ part of top managÐ µrs can bÐ µ Ð µxplainÐ µd using thÐ µ principlÐ µ of boundÐ µd rationality (RÐ µgÐ µr, MullanÐ µ, Gustafson and DÐ µmariÐ µ, 1994).According to this principlÐ µ, managÐ µrs arÐ µ not complÐ µtÐ µly rational in thÐ µ dÐ µcisions thÐ µy takÐ µ. ManagÐ µrs arÐ µ oftÐ µn constrainÐ µd by thÐ µ limitÐ µd information thÐ µy rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µ from thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µrnal and intÐ µrnal Ð µnvironmÐ µnts and thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, takÐ µ dÐ µcisions which can bÐ µ dÐ µscribÐ µd as rational only within cÐ µrtain bounds.ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, it is important to dÐ µvÐ µlop a thÐ µorÐ µtical framÐ µwork in thÐ µ arÐ µa of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons lÐ µadÐ µrship for undÐ µrstanding h ow thÐ µ psychological charactÐ µristics of top managÐ µrs influÐ µncÐ µ thÐ µ rÐ µlationship bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µir dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics and organizational stratÐ µgiÐ µs and outcomÐ µs.ThÐ µ businÐ µss Ð µnvironmÐ µnt during thÐ µ past two dÐ µcadÐ µs has bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxtrÐ µmÐ µly dynamic. WhilÐ µ corporatÐ µ divÐ µrsification sÐ µÃ µmÐ µd to bÐ µ thÐ µ norm in most industriÐ µs till thÐ µ 1990s, it is important to notÐ µ that corporatÐ µ rÐ µfocusing (i.Ð µ., rÐ µducing thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of divÐ µrsification within a firm in ordÐ µr to focus on thÐ µ corÐ µ businÐ µss), has bÐ µÃ µn morÐ µ popular sincÐ µ thÐ µ latÐ µ 1990s (MarkidÐ µs, 1992; Donaldson, 1994).RÐ µfocusing rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts an important aspÐ µct of corporatÐ µ stratÐ µgic changÐ µ and rÐ µquirÐ µs dynamic lÐ µadÐ µrship on thÐ µ part of thÐ µ top managÐ µrs (AmburgÐ µy, KÐ µlly & BarnÐ µtt, 1990; Hoskisson and Hitt, 1994).ThÐ µ top managÐ µmÐ µnt of a firm rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ dominant coalition of thÐ µ firm and has considÐ µrablÐ µ influÐ µncÐ µ on whÐ µthÐ µr and how thÐ µ firm should rÐ µfocus to maintain a compÐ µtitivÐ µ position in thÐ µ industry (Hambrick & Mason, 1984). ThÐ µ succÐ µss of thÐ µ rÐ µfocusing stratÐ µgy dÐ µpÐ µnds on how thÐ µ top managÐ µrs arÐ µ ablÐ µ to lÐ µad thÐ µ initiation and thÐ µ implÐ µmÐ µntation of this stratÐ µgy.ThÐ µ dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics of uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons havÐ µ a considÐ µrablÐ µ impact on thÐ µ organization's propÐ µnsity to rÐ µfocus and that this rÐ µlationship is modÐ µratÐ µd by thÐ µ psychological charactÐ µristics of its managÐ µrs.ThÐ µ impact of dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics: Hambrick and Mason (1984) statÐ µ â€Å"organizational outcomÐ µs – both stratÐ µgiÐ µs and Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µnÐ µss arÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µd as rÐ µflÐ µctions of thÐ µ valuÐ µs and cognitivÐ µ bas Ð µs of powÐ µrful actors in thÐ µ organization.† p.193.Drawing on Hambrick (1984) modÐ µl of stratÐ µgic dÐ µcision making, Hambrick and Mason (1984) thÐ µorizÐ µ that a managÐ µr's background charactÐ µristics can partially prÐ µdict stratÐ µgic choicÐ µs and pÐ µrformancÐ µ in organizations.ThÐ µy proposÐ µ that obsÐ µrvablÐ µ managÐ µrial dÐ µmographic traits such as agÐ µ, tÐ µnurÐ µ, Ð µducation and functional backgrounds arÐ µ important aspÐ µcts of managÐ µrial lÐ µadÐ µrship and that thÐ µy can influÐ µncÐ µ organizational stratÐ µgiÐ µs and pÐ µrformancÐ µ.Following Hambrick and Mason's (1984) concÐ µptual modÐ µl on uppÐ µr Ð µchÐ µlons lÐ µadÐ µrship, sÐ µvÐ µral rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs havÐ µ tÐ µstÐ µd thÐ µir propositions in ordÐ µr to Ð µstablish thÐ µ linkagÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics of top managÐ µrs and thÐ µir ability to lÐ µad thÐ µ organization to dÐ µsirÐ µd outcomÐ µs. ThÐ µ studiÐ µs conductÐ µd by Murray (1989), Norburn and BirlÐ µy (1988), BantÐ µl and Jackson (1989), Cho, Hambrick and ChÐ µn (1994), rÐ µvÐ µal that top managÐ µmÐ µnt dÐ µmographic charactÐ µristics such as agÐ µ, Ð µducation, functional backgrounds, top managÐ µmÐ µnt tÐ µam tÐ µnurÐ µ and organizational tÐ µnurÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ significant prÐ µdictors of organizational pÐ µrformancÐ µ thus providing support for Hambrick and Mason's (1984) propositions.

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association Lambda and gamma are two measures of association that are commonly used in social science statistics and research. Lambda is a measure of association used for nominal variables while gamma is used for ordinal variables. Lambda Lambda is defined as an asymmetrical measure of association that is suitable for use with nominal variables. It may range from 0.0 to 1.0. Lambda provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. As an asymmetrical measure of association, lambda’s value may vary depending on which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variables are considered the independent variable. To calculate lambda, you need two numbers: E1 and E2. E1 is the error of prediction made when the independent variable is ignored. To find E1, you first need to find the mode of the dependent variable and subtract its frequency from N. E1 N – Modal frequency. E2 is the errors made when the prediction is based on the independent variable. To find E2, you first need to find the modal frequency for each category of the independent variables, subtract it from the category total to find the number of errors, then add up all the errors. The formula for calculating lambda is: Lambda (E1 – E2) / E1. Lambda may range in value from 0.0 to 1.0. Zero indicates that there is nothing to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. In other words, the independent variable does not, in any way, predict the dependent variable. A lambda of 1.0 indicates that the independent variable is a perfect predictor of the dependent variable. That is, by using the independent variable as a predictor, we can predict the dependent variable without any error. Gamma Gamma is defined as a symmetrical measure of association suitable for use with ordinal variable or with dichotomous nominal variables. It can vary from 0.0 to /- 1.0 and provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between two variables. Whereas lambda is an asymmetrical measure of association, gamma is a symmetrical measure of association. This means that the value of gamma will be the same regardless of which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variable is considered the independent variable. Gamma is calculated using the following formula: Gamma (Ns - Nd)/(Ns Nd) The direction of the relationship between ordinal variables can either be positive or negative. With a positive relationship, if one person ranked higher than another on one variable, he or she would also rank above the other person on the second variable. This is called same order ranking, which is labeled with an Ns, shown in the formula above. With a negative relationship, if one person is ranked above another on one variable, he or she would rank below the other person on the second variable. This is called an inverse order pair and is labeled as Nd, shown in the formula above. To calculate gamma, you first need to count the number of same order pairs (Ns) and the number of inverse order pairs (Nd). These can be obtained from a bivariate table (also known as a frequency table or crosstabulation table). Once these are counted, the calculation of gamma is straightforward. A gamma of 0.0 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables and nothing is to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. A gamma of 1.0 indicates that the relationship between the variables is positive and the dependent variable can be predicted by the independent variable without any error. When gamma is -1.0, this means that the relationship is negative and that the independent variable can perfectly predict the dependent variable with no error. References Frankfort-Nachmias, C. Leon-Guerrero, A. (2006). Social Statistics for a Diverse Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

C.I.T.E.S essays

C.I.T.E.S essays CITES is the singles most important treaty protecting species at an international level. CITES stands for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. It was established in 1973 in association with the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Currently, the treaty has been ratified by more than 120 countries. CITES is headquartered in Switzerland. It establishes lists (known as Appendices) of species for which the international trade has to be regulated and monitored. Those nations which are affiliated agree to restrict the trade and destructive exploitation of these species. Appendix I includes approximately 675 animals and plants for which commercial trade is prohibited. Appendix II include approximately 3700 animals and 21,000 plants whose international trade is monitored and restricted. International treaties such as CITES are implemented once the countries signed pass laws and enforce them. Once these laws have been passed within a country, police, wildlife inspectors, customs officials and other government agents can arrest and prosecute anyone who possesses or trades organisms which are listed by the treaty and seize them. Member countries are required to have their own management and scientific authorities to comply with their CITES obligations. NGOs such as the IUCN, WWF, TRAFFIC network, and WCMC provide advice and assistance to the authorities. The protection of biological diversity has to be addressed at many levels of government. Although the major control systems that exist today are based within individual countries, international trade agreements are becoming widely used to protect species and habitats. International cooperation is extremely important for many reasons. First, many species migrate across international boundaries; therefore, these species must be protected wherever they are at the time and the habitats they will occupy when they migrate. If a species is in ...

Danka for Thank You, Bitteschön for Youre Welcome

Danka for Thank You, Bitteschà ¶n for You're Welcome Courtesy is important no matter what country youre visiting. In Germany, however, there is greater emphasis on formalities and speaking to people in die Hà ¶flichkeitsform:  addressing acquaintances, colleagues, and people you dont know with Sie as opposed to du/ you, which is reserved more for family and close friends.The same goes when expressing thank you and youre welcome in German. There is a more formal way and a less formal way of stating these expressions. Below you will find a list divided as such, however many expressions are fine in both situations since just simply stating thank you and youre welcome is polite in and of itself. The most important thing to keep in mind is to use Sie/Ihnen and du as appropriate. (Please note that the translations are not always literal, but rather an English equivalent.) More Formal Ways of Saying Thank You: Most common: Dankeschà ¶n, Danke sehr Other ways: Schà ¶nen Dank (Many thanks)Besten Dank (Best of thanks)Haben Sie vielen Dank! (Many thanks)Ich bin Ihnen sehr dankbar (Im very grateful/thankful to you)Ich danke Ihnen (I thank you)Herzlichen Dank (Heartfelt thanks)Ein herzliches Dankeschà ¶n (My/Our heartfelt thanks)Danke vielmals (Many thanks), Ich danke Ihnen vielmals Vielen Dank (Many thanks) Less Formal Ways of Saying Thank You DankeVielen Dank (Many thanks)Danke vielmals (Many thanks)Tausend Dank (Thanks a million) More Formal Ways of Saying Youre Welcome Bitteschà ¶n Bitte sehrGern geschehen (It was my pleasure)Mit Vergnà ¼gen (With pleasure) Less Formal Ways of Saying Youre Welcome Bitte Gern geschehen (It was my pleasure)Gern (shortened form of Gern geschehen)Nichts zu danken (Dont mention it.)Schon gut (Thats fine. No problem)Kein Problem (No problem) You may need some other words for polite conversation, including understanding how to say please in German.

Industry Best Practices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Industry Best Practices - Research Paper Example This essay intends to describe one of the best practices in retail industry in relation to remote connectivity solution. The objective of the essay is to describe the advantages and disadvantages of remote connectivity solution. Furthermore, the essay would also discuss about the opportunities of improvements in remote connectivity solution (SonicWall, Inc., 2007). Best Practice for Remote Connectivity Solution In Retail Industry Traditionally, remote access was enjoyed by only a certain number of people in a retail organization such as executives or sales force. However, intense progress of mobile devices along with introduction of high speed internet connectivity have increased the expectations of organizations in retail industry to ensure better and safe access to various networks and services. Retail industry nowadays demand accelerated information transmission and real time information processing in order to enjoy remote access of organizational information. In fact, there are s everal best practices for remote connectivity solution in retail industry. One such practice is introduction of ‘Virtual Private Network’ (VPN) technology (Kouroubali, Starren, Barrows, & Clayton, 1997). Advantages VPN technology is a rational solution for remote access in retail segment. This system provides secure access to the organizational resources in retail segment by establishing an encrypted channel in an online environment. VPN technology permits retail organizations to reach their internal network in cost effective and secure manner. VPN technology can provide great flexibility to the employees to access the organizational network from any place and at any time. In this way, this technology helps employees to perform their job effectively. By implementing VPN solution, employees can conduct the regular business activities such as communicating through e-mail or using customized network program rapidly. The VPN solution can also enhance the productivity of ret ail organization as they will be capable of providing suppliers or business associates to access the required information without compromising the security (Lee, Hwang, Kang & Jun, 2000). The major advantages for applying VPN practices for remote connectivity solution are: It can provide secure communication with access authority by customizing the network system according to the information requirement for each user such as employee, suppliers or business associates It can improve the productivity by improving inner organizational network and applications It can minimize the communication expenses and enhance the flexibility of employees to perform regular activities (Cisco Systems, Inc., 2008) Disadvantages Although VPN provide solution to remote connectivity in retail industry, it also has quite a few disadvantages. VPN technology helps to extend the organizational network which at times makes the organizational resources more accessible for network invaders. They can disclose se nsitive information of organization to the public network. VPN technology is quite vulnerable, because any sort of fault or error in the system can result in security breach of organizational network. Except encryption technology, VPN system does not use any kind of security layer as a primary defense. Hence, it poses a threat for retail organization as people can access organizational information by bypassing the outside

What can coins excavated at a roman villa tell us about the site and Essay

What can coins excavated at a roman villa tell us about the site and it's wider context - Essay Example It takes a lot of effort to divine some of these social dealings by the use of numismatics. Besides archaeologists and academicians, other groups of people are also very interested in studying these coin finds in ancient Roman sites such as social scientists, numismatists, and economists who try to impute social contexts using these Roman coins as guides for their study. However, it is often the case where there is no standard way of how to properly and scientifically catalogue these finds and moreover, and also no set standard for their coinage analysis. Be that as it may, it is still possible to know how the people in a Roman villa had lived and in relation to the surrounding communities through the study of these archaeological coins. It just takes some time and lengthy effort for archaeologists and others interested in these sites to come up with their findings and conclusions based on a careful consideration of all the artifacts in an excavation site but admittedly, there are no set standards for doing this but rather only some set patterns which may be useful to make any comparable analyses with other similar sites. This paper examines and discusses how the coin assemblage can give some useful and pertinent ideas of the wider social context in which these people lived in relation with their neighbors. A case in point of how Roman coins determined the wider context of social living in an area surrounding an ancient Roman villa is the fairly recent excavations at the San Felice Villa, which is located in the Basentello River Valley of Italy that separated the ancient vicus (Roman word for neighborhood) of Apulia from Lucania. This site is a rich archaeological dig in terms of the old architectural remains (buildings and houses), artefactual assemblage, and environmental evidence within the site itself. Preliminary evidence suggests it was a part of a larger estate; it was important in fostering local and regional connections for the villa’s

How should the USA deal with China should they contain or not contain Research Paper

How should the USA deal with China should they contain or not contain China - Research Paper Example This year featured spats between China versus Philippines; China versus Vietnam; and China versus Japan. The disagreements are loudly triggering diplomatic tensions as Chinese government send forth their marine vessels in shores that are within the territorial jurisdictions of other Southeast Asian countries. The situation alarmed the international community, especially United States of America, because this Chinese territorial aggression also strategically affects its geographic control in the Pacific regions and with allied countries. This brought us the core issue, must US contain China or not? What is Containment? Before variegated positions are explicated, let us define first what containment all about is. Containment is a foreign policy strategy of the United States at the height of cold war which was prominently used by George F. Kennan in 1947 against communist nation to isolate and marginalize it to lessen it influence or remove its political clout from allied countries.1 Ex perts posit, by experience, that the containment theory of US resulted to the intervention of United States in Vietnam, Central America and in Grenada.2 This was also adopted by US President Truman as part of the Truman doctrine and is also widely discussed in US and Iraq conflict.3 Containment is historically started in a long telegraph sent by George Kennan from Moscow to Washington in 1946 about the Soviet’s refusal to join the International Monetary Bank and World Bank which detailed the practices of the country and anent recommendation to use the policy of containment—which ultimately led to that historic Cold War.4 From a psychological vantage, containment is a control theory aiming at establishing internal and external factors to develop a law-abiding behaviour which could be considered as a defence or a protective insulation against potential conflict or delinquency.5 Shouldn’t Contain Some political analysts argued that US shouldn’t contain China albeit the reactions of other countries who presumed that US intervention will help balance the power amid incessant aggression of Chinese soldiers to Hanoi, Philippines and Japan. Chinese however demanded from US, which was sought for intervention by aggrieved parties to refrain from getting involved asserting that the conflicting parties can resolve maritime and territorial disputes through bilateral consultations.6 This call generated political mass actions by peoples who rallied in the streets and in Chinese embassies or even conducted live-fire drills (e.g. Vietnam) to demonstrate their disagreement with China’s two-face diplomatic strategy in relating with them: offering a hand for bilateral consultations but at the same time, aggressively sending marine soldiers within sovereign states’ shores to claim ownership or prior rights thereof.7 Affected countries wanted to internationalize the issue while Chinese opposed this effort to bring the international communit y to multilateral discourse on this problem arguing

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth Coursework

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth - Coursework Example The area of Wandsworth is located in south-west London. The town is located on The River Thames on the south bank. The river Wandle flows into the Thames and this is where Wandsworth received its name. It is also the principle settlement in The "London Borough of Wandsworth" (Medics on the Move). It borders the Bouroughs of Lambeth to the east, Merton and the Royal Borough of Kingston Upon the Thames and others. It is surrounded by very wealthy Boroughs. The 2001 Census gave the population of Wandsworth as 260,000 with 78% of the population as White, 9.6% Afro-Caribbean and 6.9% as being South Asian. The list of 354 Districts of England showed that Wandsworth is ranked the largest by area and 24th by population. In population density it ranked 10th and by ethnic diversity it ranted 29th. Today, the projects for Wandsworth show that by the year 2018, there is projected to be 300,000 people in Wandsworth with slightly more women than men. The area is mostly comprised of younger people (47%) between the ages of 20 and 39 with the rest of the population being older (Greater London Authority). NHS Wandsworth shows that in 2009, 290,000 people were living in the Borough. The largest age group is between 20 and 44 while other ages make up the rest of the population. The population is intended to rise in the next five years. Currently, the White race is 78% of the population with "non-whites" making up 22% of the population (includes Black, Asian and those who consider themselves as "other"). The Bourough has a large deprivation within and between the various wards. Wandsworth is ranked 23/30 for deprivation within London PCT and 91/152 for London within PCT's naturally (NHS Wandsworth 6). 1.1 Deprivations The Wandsworth Community Empowerment Fund Project states that the unemployment rate in Wandsworth is currently 8.0%. The following chart shows the income deprivation as of 2007: Although many areas in the Borough show prosperity, household income by ward is a differe nt story. The wealthiest Bourough is Northcote with a mean income of ?51,859 and Roehampton at substantially lower at ?31,141 ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). In terms of crime, Wandsworth has been a relatively safe place to live in 2006/07 but it has changed since then. Currently, the types of crime in this area include violence against the person, theft from motor vehicles, residential burglary and street crime ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). In 2007, there were 1,771 residential burglaries between April and December of that year. Burglary decreased within the last three years. There were 1,442 offenses for street crimes for the same period of time but street crime has also decreased. There were 3,954 offenses for crimes against the person during the same period which is approximately 14.1 offences per 1,000 residents ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). Education is another area for deprivation. There are approximately 51,889 young people and children living in the Borough between the ages of 0 and 19 which is 18% of the population. The 2007 census stated that the majority of children living in the Borough are ethnic minorities and primarily black children, which make up 17.9% of the population. In terms of support from the government, 1,628 children and young people were accessing help and 133 children and young people were registered on the Child Protection Register. The Borough also has 74 out of 174 "local super output areas (SOAs)" that are considered the worst 25% of all SOAs nationally which was only 64 in 2004. There are now 24 SOAs listed in the best 25% nationally for deprivation compared to 20 in 2004 ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). Healthcare in the Borough has some challenges because of the population. Because the majority of the Borough is aged 20 to 44, the younger people do not use

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 14

Essay Example Being compensated is a high-class achievement, which shows how people work in an organization, how they work in order to make their particular organization the best one. Compensation is always done in an appropriate manner. What so every work any employee will do, he or she will be compensated according to that particular work. Compensation is therefore term as a delicate job for the HR people, as they should always compensate in an appropriate manner, and they should compensate those who really work well and who really generate well-oriented outcomes. There are many organizations, which compensate because of the capability of an employee. For instance if a person who is an employee of any XYZ organization, he or she will only be compensated according to his or her skills and capabilities. No other source will help them while being compensated. This is a correct as well as an ethical way with the help of which one can compensate the employees. By this, employees also get motivated and thus as a result they will work hard in order to generate outcomes that are more fruitful. Motivating employees is a difficult task but along with this, this is termed as an important task. Because with the help of this people can be motivated to work harder and harder in order to generate better results. There are various kinds of benefits, which are related to the performance of employees. When the performance of any employee is up to the mark, he or she will be automatically compensated based on his or her performance, this performance related pay is very much important and has many benefits. Incentive pay on the other hand is also important, which is given for special kind of work or performance rather than the simple work. Performance based pay actually indicates towards various Incentives, which are there to motivate the employees so that they can work harder in order to generate good

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth Coursework

Mental health needs assessment for the adult population of Wandsworth - Coursework Example The area of Wandsworth is located in south-west London. The town is located on The River Thames on the south bank. The river Wandle flows into the Thames and this is where Wandsworth received its name. It is also the principle settlement in The "London Borough of Wandsworth" (Medics on the Move). It borders the Bouroughs of Lambeth to the east, Merton and the Royal Borough of Kingston Upon the Thames and others. It is surrounded by very wealthy Boroughs. The 2001 Census gave the population of Wandsworth as 260,000 with 78% of the population as White, 9.6% Afro-Caribbean and 6.9% as being South Asian. The list of 354 Districts of England showed that Wandsworth is ranked the largest by area and 24th by population. In population density it ranked 10th and by ethnic diversity it ranted 29th. Today, the projects for Wandsworth show that by the year 2018, there is projected to be 300,000 people in Wandsworth with slightly more women than men. The area is mostly comprised of younger people (47%) between the ages of 20 and 39 with the rest of the population being older (Greater London Authority). NHS Wandsworth shows that in 2009, 290,000 people were living in the Borough. The largest age group is between 20 and 44 while other ages make up the rest of the population. The population is intended to rise in the next five years. Currently, the White race is 78% of the population with "non-whites" making up 22% of the population (includes Black, Asian and those who consider themselves as "other"). The Bourough has a large deprivation within and between the various wards. Wandsworth is ranked 23/30 for deprivation within London PCT and 91/152 for London within PCT's naturally (NHS Wandsworth 6). 1.1 Deprivations The Wandsworth Community Empowerment Fund Project states that the unemployment rate in Wandsworth is currently 8.0%. The following chart shows the income deprivation as of 2007: Although many areas in the Borough show prosperity, household income by ward is a differe nt story. The wealthiest Bourough is Northcote with a mean income of ?51,859 and Roehampton at substantially lower at ?31,141 ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). In terms of crime, Wandsworth has been a relatively safe place to live in 2006/07 but it has changed since then. Currently, the types of crime in this area include violence against the person, theft from motor vehicles, residential burglary and street crime ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). In 2007, there were 1,771 residential burglaries between April and December of that year. Burglary decreased within the last three years. There were 1,442 offenses for street crimes for the same period of time but street crime has also decreased. There were 3,954 offenses for crimes against the person during the same period which is approximately 14.1 offences per 1,000 residents ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). Education is another area for deprivation. There are approximately 51,889 young people and children living in the Borough between the ages of 0 and 19 which is 18% of the population. The 2007 census stated that the majority of children living in the Borough are ethnic minorities and primarily black children, which make up 17.9% of the population. In terms of support from the government, 1,628 children and young people were accessing help and 133 children and young people were registered on the Child Protection Register. The Borough also has 74 out of 174 "local super output areas (SOAs)" that are considered the worst 25% of all SOAs nationally which was only 64 in 2004. There are now 24 SOAs listed in the best 25% nationally for deprivation compared to 20 in 2004 ("Sustainable Community Strategy"). Healthcare in the Borough has some challenges because of the population. Because the majority of the Borough is aged 20 to 44, the younger people do not use

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Macroeconomics - Essay Example s New Zealand’s low rate of unemployment related to its slow economic growth, or is the low rate of unemployment related to its high rate of inflation? Is tight monetary policy contributing to the slow economic growth of the country? Is the high inflation contributing to low economic growth? These and many other questions remain unanswered. This paper aims at providing answers to the above questions. The paper intends to do this by gathering relevant information on unemployment, economic growth, inflation and monetary policy in New Zealand and evaluate it in relation to relevant theories so as to gain a reasonable basis for explaining seeming controversies identified above. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: section 2 provides information on economic growth, inflation, unemployment, monetary and fiscal policies in New Zealand; Section 3 provides a discussion of the facts outlined in section 2 in relation to relevant economic theories; and section 4 provides some conclusions and recommendations. According to Evans et al. (1996) New Zealand launched into a sequence of economic reforms following a constitutional and foreign exchange crisis in 1984. These reforms have been described by David Henderson (1995) cited by Evans et al. (1996) as â€Å"one of the most notable episodes of liberalisation that history has to offer†. The economic reforms included macroeconomic stabilisation and structural change. According to the OECD (2007) New Zealand began economic reforms 2 decades ago, which have laid the foundations for entrepreneurship and innovation in the country. The country maintains a well functioning product market, as well as a flexible labour market. In addition, the economy has been very open. (OECD, 2007). New Zealand also maintains world-class Public research organisations in many areas, especially in education and health. (OECD, 2007). Despite these positive aspects of the economy, the country has failed to maintain record levels of economic

Atticus Finch Essay Example for Free

Atticus Finch Essay Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today.† Atticus Finch, in many ways, lives this quote everyday by understanding what has to be done today in order to avoid future consequences of today’s mistakes. Atticus is a kind-hearted, slow-tempered, wise man, who always knows the right thing to say. In the story, one can deduce that Atticus Finch is a kind-hearted man who knows what to do in order to fix the toughest of problems. The author remarks, â€Å"There was a brown book and some yellow tablets on the solicitor’s table, Atticus’s was bare† (138). This statement explains how Atticus is always prepared to do what is right, and still be humane about what point he is trying to get across. Therefore, Atticus must also set the example for his children by showing that he has a kind heart, so maybe his two children would learn to follow; however, in the story he is faced with many obstacles on the way, reducing his time spent trying to do the right thing. Atticus definitely knows how to react under pressure. In the story the author writes, â€Å"Miss Stephanie said Atticus didn’t even bat an eye, just took out his handkerchief and wiped his face and stood there and let Mr. Ewell call him names wild horses could not bring her to repeat† (185). This is a perfect example of Atticus having a long fuse. Even though Mr. Ewell cussed him until the cows came home, Atticus took it calmly and was relieved that Mr. Ewell finally got his steam out from the case. Whenever he is in trouble, he reacts calmly because he knows in the end it will all blow over. Atticus is obviously a very wise man, who can get the job done. In the part of the story with Mrs. Dubose, Atticus states, â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. Its when you know youre licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what† (93). Atticus uses many quotes like this in the book, all consisting of the wisest comments out of the whole story. In this quote Atticus is lecturing Jem after he is finished reading his book to Mrs. Dubose, and Jem realizes that Atticus was talking about him. He also said he would have made him do it eventually anyway, just to show him what real courage was, even if he would not have destroyed Mrs. Dubose’s flowers. The author indirectly says that Atticus knows what he is saying. As I have stated, Atticus is a kind-hearted, slow-tempered, and wise beyond his year’s sort of man. Atticus is the ideal human being in the story. He is also the stories main protagonist, showing all the characteristics of a gentleman.

Effect of Technology on Social Interaction

Effect of Technology on Social Interaction INTRODUCTION: Since the presence of technology, humans have ignored themselves and each other. Technology, organized with commerce, which has slowly raided humans and their natural abilities and removed their capabilities. Today, many of us bargain with ourselves in depressed, alienated, drug addicts, stressed out, exhausted, poor health, isolated, alcoholics, and overweight and overworked. We are spending a lesser amount of time together in active face-to-face interaction and conversation with our families, neighbors, colleagues and friends, and more time at working, driving cars, drinking, eating, being online on the computer, sending text messages and emails consuming, eating, watching TV. We have endorsed this situation to change and have not been capable, to find the strength to repel. We have given up so much in conversation for the magnificence and never-ending progress of science, commerce and technology. But we have slight or no time for an insufficient kind statement with a friend or a n eighbor or simply another human being whose conduit we cross throughout our busy days. This condition is in extensive need of our genuine wisdom and attention in order to find elucidations for more congruence, health for human beings everywhere and wellness, and also to establish a balance among our habit of technology and the time we employ in social interaction and conversation with others. CURRENT SITUATION: It is an undeniable fact that the contemporary technologies, particularly the invention of the internet, has transfigured the way people live, work,, entertain and, communicate. To twitch with, the online messages and communication tools such as emails, MSN messenger and teleconference software have enabled the contacts of mutually the loved ones in distant place and associates working in another region. However, it is not unusual to see that news reporting constantly reports on the disadvantageous effect of these fluctuations in telecommunication. Firstly, misusing internet and ignoring the real communication can lead to social separation and segregation. Researches disclose that people, who spend their too much time at the computer cafes, tend to have complications when communicating and interacting with people in the actual world. Furthermore, many family actions which normally help fortify the family bonds cannot be merely replaced by online conversation. Generally, I personally believe that scientific and technological development has transformed our mode of communication in an optimistic and encouraging way, in terms of the expediency, time-efficiency and convenient. However, taken all the above stated negative inspirations into contemplation, we do need to keep poise between the period we employ on line and in actual and real world. DECLINE OF FACE TO FACE CONVERSATION: We are now in the middle of another daunting revolution, which is the Technological Revolution, having a very prodigious effect on the oral word and on societies and their relatives with each other. Only 50 years ago, the computer seemed on the scene. Its arrival and development is instigating the Technological Revolution to interchange ahead at supersonic speed and rapidity as we move profounder into the 21st century. We are forfeiting a very high value to have all these machineries and technologies at our disposal. It is crucial that we evaluate and analyze this situation. Multi-tasking is instigating us to be easily abstracted and diverted. Despite all the machines and technologies for easy interaction and communication with each other, we often sense socially isolated and lonely because most of our acquaintances and contacts are by machines and technology, not close sincere living human acquaintances. SOLUTION TO THIS HORRIBLE SITUATION: In order for us to move forward to the future, it is necessary and essential to go back to the past and history, because we have elapsed, left behind, and unrestricted an essential component that we want so that we can aware about our lives more effusively and with more sympathy. That component is our humanity. We need to get up and observe first what has transpired to us and then to guise deep into past to see what ensued to our ancestors, who, over the millenniums, had to undergo the slow procedure of losing their capabilities and of seeing the deterioration of living face-to-face social interactions and conversation as technology has developed, appeared and developed. All of us have been detached of many of our inherited abilities and of other capabilities that we have assimilated during our lives. The television, media and particularly advertising have influenced us that electronic or written communication is someway better and more precise than our own living spoken statement. W e have been persuaded that somehow inspecting life on a screen is more exciting and interesting than incarnate our own lives. We have become observers, immobile, consumers and seated, who always observers of what we need somewhat separate from ourselves. We have vanished confidence in our institutions, feelings, and abilities, and in our amusing inner resources that we barely know to find or how to exist. It is untainted that we need to re-become contestants in life and not just spectators and observers. By concerning with each other, we could be able to comprehend this goal. There are elucidations to ease up this condition, which we need to contemplate seriously. Many observers and philosophers of life have given us significant messages as to how to achieve this assignment. Communicating with each other can mean bartering concepts about positive and creative action we can take in mandate to resist this modern imperative that is determining us into spectators, users of machines, consumers and non-stop workers. Today, many of us devote a marvelous amount of our time placed in front of a TV or Computer screen or sending messages and emails to each other. It is unblemished that we need to be in touch with everyone, but most of the period our acquaintances are by machine and technologies not by actual life living face-to-face interaction. Before all the technology and machines evolved, people certainly used to employ more time together and as a consequence they were happier and social relations were flatter and more harmonious. IMPORTANCE OF INTER-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION: Today, we come into interaction regularly with other people not only from our own society and country but from all over the sphere and of all eternities and from altered walks of life, political, and religious opinions. This condition requires great sympathy, tolerance, sensitivity and understanding. Intercultural communication assistances can help us to communicate more harmoniously and smoothly with people on a face-to-face root with ease and without arguments or misunderstanding. We need to seek a profounder and more sympathetic understanding of the human knowledge of living a life on this earth and in our world. It can be very obliging to cultivate more familiarity of the many cultures and societies of our world, their past and histories, their characteristics and geographies, and their current states. ENCOURAGING HOSPITALITY INSTEAD OF HOSTALITY: People will communicate with others if they pass smiles and have a friendly expression and appearance. A cold, inimical facial appearance does not offer conversation communication or social interface. Therefore another elucidation to keeping face-to-face conversation and sociability thriving is to encourage and however friendly, pleasant and gracious relations, understanding, kindness, politeness, tolerance, and respect between human beings, irrespective of their age, race, nationality, social backgrounds, and the way of life, the language they express, their facial appearances, religious beliefs and dogmas, or other points of view. If we exercise this mode of behavior, others will follow. In normal conditions, friendly association should find between and among human. After all, we have a great transaction in common with everyone. For instance, we all have two arms, two legs, a head, and a body, and we all breathe, sleep, eat, and have a heart that is continuously beating. We all share the knowledge and information that we are not on this world forever and that we will consent here with nonentity in our hands. So it would seem impeccably reasonable for us to contemplate talking, conversing, communicating and interacting with our corresponding human beings more often and in a friendly and warm manner whenever the occasion presents itself while spending, at work, at shopping, at school, in a bus or road, at the airport, anywhere and everywhere, we often we ignore and avoid each other. So many chances to meet motivating people are conceded by. CONCLUSION: Since, thanks to the growth of e-commerce, people can accomplish a variety of actions, such as booking flights and accommodations, purchasing material ranging from cars to clothing, or even dating a foreigner, without treading out own house. Most prominently, the social links such as the Facebook has even fabricated an entire cybernetic world for us.

The Industrial Revolution and Great Britain Essay -- The Industrial Re

Since the advent of man, the human race has gone through many changes throughout history. One of the greatest and most crucial changes was the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain. Although the Industrial Revolution did have a few drawbacks, the positive outcomes of the Revolution far outweighed the negative effects. It pushed Great Britain fifty years ahead of other European countries and morphed the country into one of the strongest nations of its time. The Revolution improved the overall state of Great Britain mainly through the innovation and invention of new technologies, improvement in communication and transportation, and enhancing the lifestyles of the British commoner. During the time period of the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain saw rapid change. Many new inventions and innovations drastically improved both the economic state of Britain and the lives of the people. The introduction of better farming practices and inventions of new farming tools such as the wheat drill, which was a â€Å"sowing device that positioned and covered seeds in the soil† , made farming a lot more efficient and required less human labor. As a result people moved to cities in search of jobs, thus providing a large workforce for factories. During the industrial revolution â€Å"many people left their rural communities to work in towns and cities...working in a factory† . These factories became the powerhouses of the industrial revolution. â€Å"Never before had people been put to work in such a well-organized way† as they had been in factories. This new method of manufacturing goods exponentially increased the economy of Britain as new machines we re introduced. These new machineries enabled cheaper labor and mass production of goods at lower costs, a... ... Heath, 1983. Print. 3) "British Industrial Revolution." British Industrial Revolution. Web. 28 May 2012. . 4) "Canal History." Canal History. Web. 28 May 2012. . 5) "The Fabulous Story of the Postage Stamp." Arpin Philately. Web. 28 May 2012. . 6) "How the Steam Engine Changed the World." LiveScience.com. Web. 28 May 2012. 7) Mooney, Carla. The Industrial Revolution, White River Junction, Nomad Press, 2011. print 8)"The Open Door Web Site : History : The Industrial Revolution : The Development of Roads." The Open Door Web Site : History : The Industrial Revolution : The Development of Roads. Web. 28 May 2012. .

Civil Rights

How far Is It accurate to describe black Americans as second class citizens the years 1945-55? Plan: The BAD part: After WWW, even though black soldiers were recognized by European countries as â€Å"Black Heroes†, segregation in the Armed Forces still existed. Jim Crow Laws were very strict, it promoted segregation in Southern states between 1876 and 1965, and this was a very long period of time with very, very little De facto change.Black people were segregated in restaurants, public transport and even toilet facilities. â€Å"Separate but equal† Black people had to live in areas known as ghettos. White Supremacy: racist belief that white people are far superior to other races. Voting Rights: under the 15th Amendment black people had the legal right to vote In America. However, especially in Southern states, the government found loop holes In the 1 5th Amendment to create laws that would disenfranchise the local black population.Some states Introduced laws such as the Grandfather Claw (black people could only vote if their grandfathers had the right to vote), Literacy Tests, which were made harder on purpose (white people were not obligated to do this test) and the introduction to the Poll Tax (black people had to pay a high amount of money for them to be able to vote). Economical situation: in the Southern states there were still black Americans who received poorly paid salaries.Even in the North, black industrial workers were unlikely to be paid the same as their white colleagues (50% less on average). This happened especially because black people had no education or whatsoever. In 1945, only 1% of the black population went to school. Social Conditions: with the end of the WWW, segregation still remained in Southern States†¦ Black people were still barred from restaurants, cinemas and hotels. 40% of housing available for black people In the Washington D. C. As found to be sub- standard, whereas only 12% of white housing fell into this cat egory The fact that African Americans were poorer than white Americans meant that they were often forced to live in worse accommodation and in the undesirable parts of the city. How did Truman help? In 1947, President Truman set the committee ‘To Secure These Rights which stated every single way in which black Americans were being discriminated against. Even Hough this document had many recommendations about how to change their situation, many of these recommendations did not go through because of the congress.Truman was committed to advancing civil rights. He used his powers to desegregate the armed forces. To Secure These Rights was a turning point In race relations as It showed that the Federal Government had recognized Its responsibility to address racism in America. Executive Order 9980 in 1948: Fair Employment Board opportunities in government organizations. Executive Order 10308: withheld deference contracts from firms that practiced discrimination.Government Contract C ompliance (CGI) 1951 : it monitored the awarding of government contracts to make sure that government contracts did not go to racist employers. Truman appointed a number of black Americans to high profile Jobs in the government. E. G. Ralph Bunch Ambassador to the USA. Executive Order 9981 in 1948: racial equality in the armed forces and ended segregation in the army. The Fair Deal Programmer: committed the government to building a number of new homes, especially in inner-city ghettos. He desegregated the canteen at Washington Airport in 1949. How did Truman NOT help? Executive Order 998()-The Fair Employment Deal: was underfeed, therefore did not have enough money to function properly. 2. Executive Order 9981 : only benefited people who worked in the armed forces, therefore many people were still being segregated and suffering from racism in Jobs. 3. Truman desegregated the canteen at Washington Airport, but it can be argued that Truman only did this on favor of his own image as no t many African Americans would actually travel by plane. 4. Truman failed to pass many of the recommendations in To Secure These Rights Committee.For example Anti-Lynching laws were not approved by the Congress; he did not address any of his executive orders to health and education, which would have a bigger impact on the civil rights movement. 5. Some of his changes failed to achieve great change, for example the Fair Deal Housing Programmer demolished more houses than it actually built. 6. Towards the end, he got distracted by the Korean War and did not give the attention that civil rights deserved. 7. Government Contract Compliance could not force companies to adopt fair employment practices.

Pro Capital Punishment Essay

According to my research there are some people who believe the death penalty is right just because it is safer to end one condemned life than to risk the lives of other innocent people. The death penalty is most commonly legal only for the most extreme cases, such as premeditated murder. Even in the event of murder, out of the 15,000 committed each year, we are only now reaching the 1,000 execution mark after thirty years! This plainly shows that those who may be pro capital punishment still use it sparingly. Also backing up the belief for using capital punishment are numerous stories of murderers who, after being released from prison, simply killed again. One such account reads, â€Å"In 1985, 13-year-old Karen Patterson was shot to death in her bed in North Charleston, S.C. Her killer was a neighbor who had already served 10 years of a life sentence for murdering his half-brother Charles in 1970. The murderer, Joe Atkins, cut the Pattersons’ phone lines, then entered bearin g a machete, a sawed-off shotgun, and a pistol. Karen’s parents were chased out of their home by Atkins. Karen’s mom ran to the Atkins home nearby, where Joe then murdered his adopted father, Benjamin Atkins, 75, who had worked to persuade parole authorities to release Joe from the life sentence.† Other accounts show that a life sentence simply is not always enough to stop a person from repeating their crimes. â€Å"In 1965, Robert Massie murdered mother of two Mildred Weiss in San Gabriel, Calif., during a follow-home robbery. Hours before execution, a stay was issued so Massie could testify against his accomplice. Massie’s sentence was commuted to life when the Supreme Court halted executions in 1972. Receiving an undeserved second chance, Massie was paroled, but eight months later robbed and murdered businessman Boris Naumoff in San Francisco.† From a religious standpoint a religion that does endorse capital punishment under certain circumstances is Islam. According to the Qu’ran in Al’ Ma’idah 5:33 â€Å"The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His messenger and strive to make corruption (Fasad) in the land is only this, that they should be murdered or crucified or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides or they should be banished from the land; this shall be as a disgrace for them in this world, and in the hereafter they shall have a grievous chastisement† This shows that they believe in the death penalty for those who simply cause corruption or bring disgrace upon Islam, especially if the perpetrator is a former Muslim. The other justification for the death penalty, according to Islam, is murder. â€Å"†¦If anyone kills a person – unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land – it would be as if he killed all people. And if anyone saves a life, it would be as if he saved the life of all people† (Qur’an 5:32). This obviou sly states that murderers should undergo the same penalty as the crime they commited. My personal beliefs about capital punishment are fairly in the middle of the road. On the one hand I do not believe it is sinful for criminals to be put to death, as the Bible clearly endorsed the idea in the Old Testament In Genesis 9:6 it says â€Å" Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man.† The New Testament of course contains more of the â€Å"grace† approach and therefore I tend to lean more that way. Although even in the New Testament the Bible states in Romans 13: 4 â€Å" For he ( the police, judges, etc.) is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil.† Clearly this endorses capital punishment for evildoers. On the other hand, people in America are judged as guilty by a group of people who do their best but can hardly be 100% sure on their verdict. Human error may cause and no doubt has caused some innocent people to be condemned to death while some of the guilty roam free among us. That makes me uneasy, and is very disturbing. But is that a legitimate reason to do away with the death penalty? That is a hard question to answer, but I believe the answer is no. I believe there are certain cases where capital punishment is absolutely necessary, but I have to say that I would not want to be the one who makes that decision. How do you judge which life is more valuable than another? The other question has to do with whether or not capital punishment is truly a deterrent to others from committing crimes. There are strong arguments on both sides of that question but it is hard to judge when because of the appeals process and other delays and red tape, only a small percentage of those sentenced ever get put to death. I refer back to the fact that only about 1000 people have been executed during the last 30 years when there have been nearly half a million murders in America! So the argument that capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime carries no weight to me. Therefore, it is still my personal belief that capital punishment should be used, with discretion, after a fair trial, and in certain cases, but I also believe that once the decision has been made, it should be executed with much greater speed. Death row shouldn’t be a mile long. I believe that once the judge has given the sentence, there should be a much faster process to the day of execution. I hate the thought of an innocent person being executed, but even worse are the hundreds of thousands of victims who are left without feeling that justice was done for their loved ones and the millions who are at risk because of the leniency of our justice system. My partner and I got along quite well. We had an easy time discussing our material and he was not difficult to deal with. He spent the time given researching, and kept in touch with me to review our presentations. When we met the next day, he was there at the time agreed upon and +wasn’t full of complaints, which I appr eciate. Brandon is a good partner and I would work with him again.

Biological Effects on Hunger and Satiation

There Is a theory called duel control theory that assumes that the feeling of hunger and satiation are controlled by two parts of the hypothalamus the lateral hypothalamus and the venturesome hypothalamus. It is stated that the venturesome hypothalamus Is triggered by an Increase In the glucose levels during eating, It then gives out the feeling of satiation (fullness) causing a person to stop eating. Whereas the decline In glucose level triggers the lateral hypothalamus which then gives out the feeling of hunger making the Individual want to eat.This theory Is backed by a study conducted by Withering and ransom (1942) who found that after creating lesions (damage) In a rats VIM they found that the rate become obese and overate, thus showing the rat sots its feeling of satiety and had no holds on how much to eat. Another study done by And and broke (1 951 ) showed that when the LA in rats was damaged or had a lesion it led to the loss of eating in the rat. The problem with these stud ies is that they are conducted on rats which begs the question are whether you can extrapolate the findings and generalist them on humans.Although they are found to have a similar gene structure to humans, we are still two very different species and humans are a far more complex organism, with mood, feelings etc. Also both the studies are very old which questions there reliability, with far less knowledge about the brain in 1950 the study could have been effected by other factors for example causing lesions in the VIM tends to also damage the parenthetical nucleus which is another area of the hypothalamus.Withering & Ransom did not take this into account which has effectively caused a loss in the reliability of their study. Not only this but Gold (1973) found that lesions in the VIM alone did not cause hyperplasia and stated that t is likely that damage done to the parenthetical nuclease ( the area were Withering and ransom caused damage) helps to cause hyperplasia, but there is one problem with Gold study and its that it has never been replicated and research has been found that shows that lesions in the Vim does cause overeating.The duel control theory is a very reductionism theory as it assumes that the sole control of eating and feelings of hunger and satiety are biological and does not take Into inconsideration environmental and emotional factors on why people have such eating characteristics. It is also quite determinist In the way that it says the all control Is biological meaning we individually have no control In It and that Is Is programmed and that we have no say In the matter, which Is seen In everyday life to be Incorrect as you see people going through life changes who's eating characteristics completely change.Another theory Is that gherkin (a hormone given off by the stomach) triggers he hypothalamus to stimulate the sensation of hunger. Cummings (et al) did a studios 6 participants and monitored there gherkin levels during after and before eat ing throughout the day. She found that people's gherkin levels fell straight after rose and peaked at the feeling of hunger. She concluded that gherkin levels directly affected the level of hunger a person was feeling and reflected the emptiness of their stomach. The study was highly flawed as it had a lot of methodological issues.Firstly he study was carried out on 6 male participants meaning we cannot extrapolate the findings to the general public and only to men. Another problem is that it is a very artificial environment which could of effected the participants behavior and caused nervousness or anxiety which could have effected results as they were being monitored. Lastly the study is a correlation one meaning we can conclude cause and effect. However this story does coincide and supports findings from previous research on gherkin.

Canadian History Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Canadian History Paper - Essay Example But the problem remains: Canada cannot realize its full political and economic promise with a foreign monarch as its head of state, one whose presence is a constant reminder of the nation’s colonial past. As such, Canada should sever its ties to the constitutional monarchy. In March 2002, Prince Charles visited Mexico City to promote trade between Mexico and Great Britain. As often happens when a member of the royal family embarks on a diplomatic visit to the Americas, Canada’s economic position in the international community is marginalized by what can best be described as an awkward, hierarchical relationship. Charles’ mission to Mexico offers a case in point: Mexico and Canada are trading partners under terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement, and yet according to Canada’s constitutional ties to Name 2 the British throne, the Prince of Wales was there ostensibly as proxy for Canada’s legal head of state, Queen Elizabeth II. In the market place of international commerce, sovereignty and prestige are important to engendering and maintaining confidence among a nation’s business partners. ... When Britain sought membership in the European Economic Community in 1961, Canada, through no fault of its own, found itself in an awkward and potentially damaging situation with the United States. The U.S. complained that Britain’s move into the EEC would pull Canada into a preferential European agreement, which â€Å"would threaten American trading interests by†¦linking Britain and its current and former colonies into the large European market† (Buckner, 109). The constitutional monarchy has also placed undue pressure on Canada’s domestic political scene. Quebec’s lingering separatist movement has for decades drawn on the country’s ties to Britain, the very symbol of imperial/colonialist domination, for political ammunition. The queen’s 1964 visit to Quebec, one of her most disastrous forays into North America, exacerbated anti-union sentiment in Quebec. She was booed in Quebec City, and Rene Levesque, Quebec’s minister of Natur al Resources, boycotted the banquet celebrating the royal visit (Buckner, 89). Worse still, civil unrest followed marked by acts of violence involving protesters and the provincial police, whose actions made martyrs of the separatists. Name 3 Canada’s increasing ethnic diversity has, in recent years, called into question whether a constitutional monarchy is an appropriate institution for a democratic, pluralistic society. It is difficult to imagine that a constitutional monarchy could ever be a unifying factor in a country where citizens of English ancestry are now in the minority (Leuprecht, 68). The continued presence of the Queen (and her successor) affirms a â€Å"symbolic executive (who) would seem to be limited not only for those in Quebec but for the many

ANALYZING TICO TICO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ANALYZING TICO TICO - Essay Example As Wooten argues, music plays a major role in expressing oneself since it is a language in itself. The arrangement and articulation of the different notes in a piece of music are very important. Being able to play the notes in a piece of music correctly requires one to understand the chord progression to be able to improvise as well as articulate different impressions and emotions (Levitin 215-217). Tico-Tico makes use of both staccato and legato to articulate different expressions. The notes have been accented and connected but produce sudden contrast from time to time by alteration in tempo and tone. As Levitin argues, the way the notes are played in a piece of melody depicts the emotion the musician or performer wants to articulate. The Tico-Tico composition employs both the C major, D major progression as well as the A minor progression. There are frequent swings to upbeats, which are at times followed by slurring to the lower notes or down beats. The articulation in this Tico-Ti co composition could be termed as doodle tonguing since it makes use of almost all notes. There are different pattern of slurs and ascents within each jazz line. The accents keep changing to bring a feel of syncopation (Wooten 10-13). Technically, playing Tico-Tico composition requires one would require realizing the linkage between the different pitches due to the different ramifications and rhythmical momentums. Tico-Tico composition has butt-simple chord progression. However, it can be played using different notes within the chromatic scale. In the composition, the melody provides room for plenty of improvisation by the performer. In Tico-Tico, there is demonstration of great linkage between the arpeggios for the different chords. The piece switches across all the twelve scales randomly. Like words of the song, the notes of this piece express the exciting countenance. The arrangement of the

Journel 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journel 6 - Essay Example for native cultures that was not distorted by the westernized way of life where the icon lived, an inner strength that made her overcome all the odds to emerge an icon, a love for fashion that relates to her culture and respect for cultural background especially with regard to the mode of dressing among women. Unlike other texts that present a violent cultural icon especially due to the racist ideologies of the past, the icon in this case presents a different image that represent calmness, inner peace and confidence in whatever she did. The cultural icon is regarded as one of the pioneers who helped in reshaping culture, music and arts especially among the people of African origin and helped them to spread their skills across the globe due to her prowess in compositions, all which were deeply rooted in the classical Christian theology that she closely practiced (Boodram, 2012). Therefore, the icon stood for a strong feminist advocate who declared the strong power of women especially as a minority in world that was ruled by racial ideologies and racial suppressions. Interestingly, the icon did not hip upon herself an iconic or a hero status in his artistic work. On the contrary, she presented herself as a humble person with a duty to ensure her country men (especially with regard to the descendants of the black immigrants) would find a better place under the sun through her endless efforts. Her humbleness and simplicity was, therefore, a contradiction to the iconic and heroic role attributed to her after achieving her dreams. Boodram, Kim. Pat Bishop dies: Cultural icon collapses during meeting with Planning Minister. Trinidad Express, August 20, 2011. http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/PAT_BISHOP_DIES-128137113.html. April 16,

E-MARKETING STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-MARKETING STRATEGY - Essay Example In a nutshell, the aim of this report is to analyse the fundamental issues related to e-marketing strategy and making recommendations to Michelle who is currently running an outlet Michelle’s Fancy Dress Costumes’ located in the Metro Centre in Gateshead. Correspondingly, it is recommended to create her website as the most important step for achieving the goal of e-marketing strategy. Moreover, extensive range of e-marketing strategy is suggested to her. Alongside, the use of Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) including placing of keywords on-site and off-site was recommended to her. The use of banner and affiliate adverting is also suggested for marketing of her products and services. In the backdrop of increasing effectiveness of direct marketing, the application of e-mail based permission marketing is also recommended to her. Owing to the increasing popularity and wide spread use of social media for marketing, Michelle is also recommended to use social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter in order to reach wide masses quickly and in cost effective manner. The evolution of internet has provided significant opportunities to businesses across the world. The continuous improvement in technology and greater access of internet to large populaces have offered marketers with an opportunity to market both directly and indirectly and conduct their business in an efficient manner. Currently, internet is being used by various business organisations for conducting online sales as well as marketing their respective products or services. Marketing through internet is becoming extremely popular among the marketers in the present day context. Marketing through internet is known by several names such as digital marketing, web marketing and internet marketing. However, e-marketing is the most commonly used term, which has gained considerable popularity amid the

A Reaction To The Making Of The Hurricane Assignment

A Reaction To The Making Of The Hurricane - Assignment Example The paper gives detailed information about the movie "The Making of the Hurricane". This movie proves that there exist injustices in the world, including the criminal systems, which are supposed to be just. Close to the end of this bonus documentary, the producer admits that the movie attempts to unravel the injustices in the world. This is through its based on the life of Rubin Carter, a fighter with promise, who was incarcerated for something he did not do. The producer argues that injustices are existent in society, and these include racism, political injustices, among many other forms. Carter himself adds that the movie is based on redemption, specifically his redemption. He also notes that the movie is meant to inspire people in overcoming adversity in life. All these roots from the injustices that Carter had to undergo in his life. According to Carter, his rescue from the hands of injustice was a complete miracle. Similarly, another actress in the movie notes that injustices in society have persisted in various spheres, but the human spirit is strong enough to endure them. She considered Carter strong-hearted, because he underwent all that, and still manages to smile. From this documentary, I have learned new things about the whole issue surrounding Rubin Carter and generally, his life. Although the past events in Rubin’s life are quite known by different people, this documentary has revealed to me some surprising facts. First, I am surprised that in the process of shooting the movie, the crew kept in close contact with Rubin Carter.

High School Essay Example for Free

High School Essay I like to believe that everyone has their own goals and dreams they would like to accomplish. Every person’s dreams and goal differ from one another. My name is Gwendolyn Pavon, and I too, have goals and dreams that I hope to accomplish. Having a future and a good career is something I have always dreamed about. My current academic goals are to stay in school. Being in school is my main priority, and focusing on my schoolwork is important to me. I have the opportunity to be in school and receive financial help and I won’t let this opportunity pass by. I realize how hard things are getting in the real word. Careers are becoming harder to find and to keep, therefore I’m willing to get an education to get a good career. I never really had people to motivate me to stay in school until my senior year in high school. I opened up to my English teacher about a couple things, and she made me realize a lot. I remember being younger and my father telling me to say in school, but after he left I didn’t have much motivation. My English teacher always pushed me into doing my work and staying in school. It felt nice knowing she cared about me getting an education. She helped me with scholarship applications, with getting everything done to get into college and helped me out with anything I needed. College isn’t as easy as high school, but I’m honestly willing to do anything to get a degree and hopefully become a nurse one day. All the work, and waking up early will be worth it in the future. Soon I will have to get a job and save money for my own car. I’m not so sure if having a job and being in school will be so easy, but if it gets tough I will not give up. I have understood that there will be complicated times in life, but the one thing I will never do is give up. I don’t have much people to push me into doing what I want, but I push and motivate myself. I want the best things in the world, and having the best things means working hard to get them. I’m not the smartest person out there, but I know that I’m a pretty bright person. Although being in school isn’t something I like so much, I have decided to continue going. My weaknesses as a learner outweigh my strengths. I can get very distracted easily and I have trouble staying focused on a topic. I have to constantly remind myself to get back on topic. Getting  distracted interferes with my learning, but I work at it every day to try to focus on my work. The good thing is that if something really interests me, I give it my full attention. Being in school and sitting through fifty minute classes isn’t something I always enjoy but I do have days where I enjoy the classes. Focusing on my school work will be a little complicated for me, but I’m willing to put in all my effort to continue my education. Getting an education, being successful, and accomplishing my goals and dreams are really important to me. I will prove to people that I will be successful and continue getting an education.

Cell-cell Interaction in Embryo Development

Cell-cell Interaction in Embryo Development The formation of vulva depends upon a second round of cell-cell interaction. The anchor cell (located in the gonad) and six precursor cells (located in the skin adjacent to the gonad) are involved in this interaction. The precursor cells are collectively called Pn.p cells, which contains cells named as P3.p to P8.p. The fate of these cells is determined by its position relative to the anchor cell. The developmental pathways of these cells are presented in Fig.11.8. During third larval stage, the lin-3 gene is activated in the anchor cell, and produces the signal protein LIN-3, which is related to vertebrate epidermal growth factor (EGF). The precursor cells express a receptor encoded by let-23 gene, which is homologous to the vertebrate EGF receptor. The binding of LIN-3 protein and LET-23 receptor, trigger a series of intracellular events that determines whether the precursor cells will form the primary vulval precursor cell or secondary vulval cells. Mutant let-23 gene sends no signal and thus Pn.p cells cannot act, and vulva is not formed. Usually, P6.p cell, the closest cell to the anchor cell, receives the strongest signal initiated by LIN-3 binding to LET-23. Expression of the Vulvaless (Vul) gene (a mutant phenotype) in P6.p is activated by this signal, and then divides three times to produce vulva cells. The P5.p and P7.p, the two neighbouring cells, receives lower amount of signal, and divide asymmetrically to form additional vulva cells. Thereafter, a third level of cell-cell interaction occurs, in which the primary vulval cell P6.p sends a signal that activates lin-12 gene in P5.p and P7.p cells. This signal prevents these cells from adopting the division pattern of the primary cell. Thus, cells in which both Vul and lin-12 are active cannot become primary vulva cells. On the other hand, P3.p, P4.p, and P8.p cells do not receive any signal from the anchor cell, but the Multivulva (Muv) gene is expressed. Muv gene product represses the expression of Vul gene and they develop as skin cells. Thus three levels of cell-cell interactions are involved in the developmental pathway leading to vulva formation in the nematode C. elegans. CELL-CELL INTERACTION IN DEVELOPMENT Cell-cell interaction is an important phenomenon in the development of the embryo in eukaryotic organisms. Animals use a number of signalling pathway to regulate development after organogenesis. Signal networks establish anterior-posterior polarity and body axis, coordinate pattern formation, and direct the differentiation of tissues and organs. One of the widely studied cell-cell interaction is Notch signalling pathway, named after the Drosophila mutants that were used to identify components of this pathway. The Notch gene encodes a transmembrane signal receptor (Fig.11.9). The signal itself is a transmembrane protein called â€Å"Delta†, and encoded by the gene Delta. The Notch signal system works only between adjacent cells. First the â€Å"Delta† protein binds to the Notch receptor, which triggers cleaving of the cytoplasmic tail of the Notch protein and then moves to the nucleus where it binds to a protein encoded by the Su(H) (suppressor of Hairless) gene. Following this a set of genes becomes activated that controls a specific developmental pathway directing cell fate. One of the roles of the Notch signal system is to specify the fate of equivalent cells in a population. Thus action of Notch signalling system may send signal to two neighbouring cells that are developmentally equivalent, towards different developmental pathways. Four members of the Notch family (Notch 1 to Notch 4) have been identified in humans. Several human developmental disorders have been related to mutations in these genes. These include: alagille syndrome (AGS), spondylocostal dysostosis (SD), and lymphoblastic leukemia. STEM CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are capable to differentiate into different types of specialized cells. Stem cells are normally found in two main sources: in embryos which are at blastocyst stage of embryological development (embryonic stem cells), and in adult tissues (adult stem cells). These cells are generally characterized by their potential to differentiate into different cell types, for example muscle, blood, skin, bone etc. Human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development (4-5 days old) is the excellent source of embryonic stem cells. Formation of single cell zygote through fusion of male sperm with female’s egg is the beginning of sexual reproduction process. This is followed by a series of mitotic divisions in a single cell zygote which leads to the formation of a cell mass containing approximately 12-16 cells. This is known as blastocyst before it is implanted in uterus (4-6 days old). Blastocyst can be differentiated into an inner cell mass (embryoblast) and an outer cell mass (trophoblast). Trophoblast becomes the part of placenta and cells of embryoblast differentiate into all the structures of an adult organism. This embryoblast is the source of embryonic stem cells which are totipotent. During normal pregnancy, the blastocyst stage of embryo continues by the end of the tenth week of gestation. When embryonic stem cells are extracted from the blastocyst stage and placed onto a culture medium (a nutrient-rich broth) contained in culture vessels, they divide and replicate, but fail to differentiate. This happens, as necessary stimulation to differentiate (in the in vivo conditions) is lacking in the in-vitro conditions. However, they maintain their ability to differentiate into different type of cells in human body. Adult or somatic stem cells present throughout the body inside different type of tissues even after embryonic development. Tissues like, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, brain, skeleton muscle, skin and the liver are good source of adult stem cells. These cells remain in resting state for years until activated by disease or tissue injury. Adult stem cells have property of division and self renewal which enables them to regenerate entire organ. Earlier it was believed that adult stem cells have the potential to differentiate only to the cell type of their originating tissue or organ, but according to some recent evidence they can differentiate to other cell types as well. Embryonic stem cells are easier to grow under in-vitro conditions as compared to adult stem cells. For culturing of stem cells, they are extracted from either adult cells or from dividing zygotes. Once isolated, they can be cultured in culture dishes containing culture broth under controlled conditions. The nutrient broth allows them to divide and replicate, but prohibits them from further specializing or differentiating. Once proliferation of stem cells starts successfully, they are subcultured on fresh medium in order to enhance the growth rate. The collection of healthy, dividing, and undifferentiated stem cells, after first subculture, is called as stem cell line. Once under control, these stem cell lines can be stimulated to differentiate into specialized cells, a process known as directed differentiation. Based on their potential to differentiate into other types of cells, stem cells are classified into the following categories. Totipotent: those cells which are able to differentiate into all possible cell types. Example, few cells which are obtained through initial divisions of the zygote. Pluripotent: those cells which are able differentiate into almost all cell types. Example, embryonic stem cells which are derived from the endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal layers of blastocyst. Multipotent: those cells which are able to differentiate into closely related family of cells. Example, hematopoietic stem cells that has the potential to form red/white blood cells and platelets. Oligopotent: those cells which are able to differentiate into a few cells. Example, lymphoid and myeloid stem cells. Unipotent: those cells which are able to produce cells of their own type, but have the property of self-renewal. Example, adult mouse stem cell. For identification of stem cells, it is important to note that they are undifferentiated and capable of self-renewal. These two parameters are normally checked through laboratory tests for identification of stem cells. Bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are tested by transplanting these cells to an individual from which HSCs are removed. The production of new blood and immune cells in that individual indicates the self renewal potency of stem cells. Colonogenic assay (a laboratory procedure) is also used to test the potency of stem cells. Routine examination of chromosomal can also be done to check whether the cells are healthy and undifferentiated. Sometime spontaneous or induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells under cell culture conditions indicates their pluripotent nature. Other tests include administration of stem cells into an immunosupressed mouse and observe it for the formation of a teratoma, which is a benign tumour containing a mixture of differentiated cells. Applications of Stem Cells It is important to note that every cell and tissue in the body of an individual is develop and differentiate from initial few stem cells which form during early stages of embryological development. Therefore, embryonic stem cell can be induced to differentiate into any other type of cells. Due to this regeneration potential, stem cells have been used by researchers to regenerate damaged tissues and organs under the right conditions. Usually damaged organs are replaced by healthy organs donated by someone. But the demand far exceeds the supply of organs. Particular type of tissue or organ could potentially be developed from stem cells, if directed to differentiate in a certain way. For example, stem cells that present just beneath the skin tissue have been used to regenerate new skin tissue and then grafted on to burn victims successfully. Another potential application is replacement of cells and tissue for treatment of brain disease like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. If the damaged tissue can be replenished by specialized tissue derived from stem cells such diseases can be treated for recovery. In the near future it may be possible to transplant healthy heart cells developed in a laboratory from stem cells into the patients with heart disease, thereby repopulating the heart with healthy tissue. Similarly it may be possible to replace damaged pancreatic cells by insulin producing cells derived from stem cell, to treat type l diabetic patients. For the treatment of diseases like leukemia, sickle cell anemia and other immunodeficiencies, adult hematopoietic stem cells found in bone marrow and blood have been used. All type of blood cells (erythrocytes as well as leukocytes) can be developed from HSC. However it is difficult to isolate hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow. Alternatively, hematopoietic cells are also found in the umbilical cord and placenta, from which they can be isolated easily. Realizing its potential use, umbilical cord blood banks have been established to store these powerful cells for their future use. Therapeutic cloning or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique involves replacement of genetic material from a somatic cell (say from skin cell) into an unfertilized egg cell in order to develop patient specific stem cells. In this procedure, since sperms are not involved fertilization does not occur. Foetus is also not involved because the groups of cells from which the stem cells are obtained are not implanted in the uterus. Stem cells which are developed through SCNT technique have more potential for therapeutic applications. The chances of rejection by patient’s body are less because their genetic makeup is identical to patient’s genetic makeup. Through SCNT, disease specific cell lines can be developed which are used for in-vitro studies to understand the mechanism of disease development and mode of action of certain drugs which may be used to treat these diseases. Stem cell research is also useful for understanding development of human after formation of fertilized zygote. Undifferentiated stem cells eventually differentiate partly because of turning on or off of particular gene(s). Thus research on stem cell may help to clarify the role of specific genes that play in determining how specialized cells and tissues are formed. Stem cell research is also being pursued to develop new drugs. Healthy human tissues which are developed through stem cells can be used to evaluate the effect of new drug rather than using human volunteers. Table.11.1. Segmentation gene loci in Drosophila â€Å"Gap† genes â€Å"Pair-role† genes â€Å"Segment polarity† genes Giant Ever skipped Armadillo Huckebein Fushi tarazu Cubitis interruptus Hunchback Hairy Disheveled Kruppel Odd paired Engrailed Knirps Odd skipped Fused Tailless Runt Gooseberry Sloppy paired Hedgehog Naked Paired Patched Wingless Figure Captions Fig. 11.1. Early stages of embryonic development in Drosophila. A cascade of gene activation sets up theDrosophilabody plan. Thematernal-effect genes, named as bicoid and nanos, are active during oogenesis. The products of these genes are found in the egg at the time of fertilization, and form morphogen gradients. These proteins function as transcription factors that regulate the expression of gap genes. The gap genes are responsible for the differentiation of anterior-posterior axis on embryo along its length. Proteins which are encoded by gap genes also function as transcription factors and regulate the expression of the pair-rule genes. Thepair-rule genesare responsible for differentiation of pairs of segments on embryo. Transcription factors which are encoded by pair-rule genes regulate the expression of thesegment polarity genes. The expression of segment polarity genes leads the development of anterior/posterior axis of each segment. The gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes are collectively involved in segment patterning hence they are known as segmentation genes. Fig. 11.2. The hierarchy of genes involved in establishing the segmented body plan in Drosophila. Gene products from the maternal genes regulate the expression of the first three groups of zygotic genes (gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity, collectively called the segmentation genes), which in turn control the expression of the homeotic genes. Fig. 11.3. Progressive restriction of cell fate during development in Drosophila. Fig. 11.4. Overlapping of regions containing two different gene products can generate new patterns of gene expression. Transcription factors A and B are present in overlapping region 3, of expression. If both the transcription factors must bind to the promoter of a target gene to trigger expression, the gene will be active only in cells containing both factors (most likely in the zone of overlap). There shall be no transcription in individually in the region 1 and 2. Fig. 11.5. Cell arrangement in the floral meristem. (a) The four concentric rings, or whorls, labeled 1-4, influenced by genes A, B, and C in the manner shown, give rise to the sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, respectively, (b) The arrangement of these organs in the mature flower. Fig. 11.6. A truncated cell lineage chart for C. elegans, showing early divisions and the tissues and organs that eventually result. Each vertical line represents a cell division, and horizontal lines connect the two cells produced. Fig. 11.7. An adult Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite. Fig. 11.8. Cell lineage determination in C. elegans vulva formation. Fig. 11.9. Components of the Notch signalling pathway in Drosophila.